List of Syrian monarchs

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Template:Short description

File:SASH D050 Map of ancient syria.jpg
The region of Syria

The title King of Syria appeared in the second century BC in referring to the Seleucid kings who ruled the entirety of the region of Syria. It was also used to refer to Aramean kings in the Greek translations of the Old Testament, mainly indicating the kings of Aram-Damascus. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the region came under the rule of France, the United Kingdom and Prince Faisal of Hejaz, who was proclaimed King of Syria on 8 March 1920. Faisal's reign lasted a few months before he was overthrown by France and the title fell out of use.

Background

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The term Syria was first applied by Herodotus in the 5th century BC to indicate a region generally extending between Anatolia and Egypt.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". With the advent of the Hellenistic period, Greeks and their Seleucid dynasty used the term "Syria" to designate the region between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The usage of the name in referring to the region during the Iron Age (ended 586 BC) is a modern practice.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

List of monarchs

Seleucid dynasty

According to Polybius, King Antigonus I Monophthalmus established the Syrian kingdom which included Coele-Syria.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the Battle of Panium (200 BC); he annexed the Syrian lands controlled by Egypt (Coele-Syria) and united them with his Syrian lands, thus gaining control of the entirety of Syria.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Starting from the 2nd century BC, ancient writers, such as Polybius and Posidonius, began referring to the Seleucid ruler as the king of Syria.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The evidence for this title's usage by the kings is provided by the inscription of Antigonus son of Menophilus, who described himself as the "admiral of Alexander, king of Syria" (Alexander refers either to Alexander I Balas or Alexander II Zabinas).Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
File:Antiochos III coin cropped.jpg Antiochus III the Great
(c. 241–187 BC) 		200–187 BC Laodice III
(200–187 BC)
Euboea
(191–187 BC)
  • Son of Seleucus II Callinicus and Laodice II.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He appointed his eldest son Antiochus, who preceded him in death, as co-king.[note 1]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Antiochus III's second wife is attested in the hostile work of Polybius and the story is debated.[note 2]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Antiochus
(221–193 BC) 		200–193 BC Laodice IV
(196–193 BC)
  • Son and co-king of Antiochus III.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Seleucus IV Philopator.png Seleucus IV Philopator
(c. 218–175 BC) 		187–175 BC Laodice IV
(187–175 BC)
  • Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He married Laodice IV, his brother Antiochus' widow.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochos, son of Seleukos IV obverse.jpg Antiochus
(c. 180–170 BC) 		175–170 BC Unmarried
  • Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The minister Heliodorus held real power,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". then Antiochus was made co-king by his uncle Antiochus IV.[note 3]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochos IV Epiphanes face.png Antiochus IV Epiphanes
(c. 215–164 BC) 		175–164 BC Laodice IV
(c. 175–c. 164 BC)
  • Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Married his brother's widow.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochos V Eupator tetradrachm obverse.jpg Antiochus V Eupator
(172–161 BC) 		164–162 BC Unmarried
  • Son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and possibly Laodice IV.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". His regent Lysias held actual power.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Demetrius I.png Demetrius I Soter
(187–150 BC) 		162–150 BC Laodice V
(161–150 BC)
  • Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Might have married his sister Laodice V, the former wife of Perseus of Macedon.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochus of 150 BC.png Antiochus 150 BC
  • Known from a coin minted in the same year Demetrius I lost his throne; his identity is left to speculations.[note 4]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Alexander I Syria.jpg Alexander I Balas
( –145 BC) 		150–145 BC Cleopatra Thea
(150–145 BC)
  • Claimed to be a son of Antiochus IV.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He could have been an illegitimate son of Antiochus by a concubine named Antiochis.[note 5]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:DemetriusII, coin, face.jpg Demetrius II Nicator
( –125 BC) 		145–138 BC
(first reign) 		Cleopatra Thea
(145–138 BC)
  • Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • First reign; Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt divorced his daughter Cleopatra Thea from Alexander I and married her to Demetrius.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:AntiochusVI, coin, face.jpg Antiochus VI Dionysus
(148 BC–142/141 BC) 		144–142/141 BC Unmarried
  • Son of Alexander I and Cleopatra Thea.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Was proclaimed king against Demetrius II by general Diodotus Tryphon who held actual power and eventually killed Antiochus.[note 6]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Non-dynastic

Diodotus Tryphon, who opposed Demetrius II by raising Antiochus VI to the throne, killed his protege and declared himself king ruling until 138 when the Seleucids unified Syria again.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
File:Tryphon.png Diodotus Tryphon
( –138 BC) 		142/141–138 BC
  • Last coins date to 138 BC but his reign might have lasted into early 137 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Seleucid dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
File:Antiochos VII.jpg Antiochus VII Sidetes
( –129 BC) 		138–129 BC Cleopatra Thea
(138–129 BC)
  • Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Married his brother's wife after Demetrius II was captured by the Parthians.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:DemetriusII, coin, face.jpg Demetrius II Nicator
( –125 BC) 		129–125 BC
(second reign) 		Cleopatra Thea
(129–125 BC)
  • Was released by the Parthians and regained his throne and wife following Antiochus VII's death in a battle against Parthia.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochus VIII face.png Antiochus VIII Grypus
( –96 BC) 		128 BC
(first reign)
  • Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He was elevated as king by his mother in an attempt to establish her authority.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Aleksander II Zabinas face.png Alexander II Zabinas
( –123 BC) 		128–123 BC
  • Claimed to be of Seleucid heritage.[note 7]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Declared himself king in opposition to Demetrius II.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Ptolemaic dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
File:Cleopatra Thea face.png Cleopatra Thea
(c. 165–121 BC) 		125–121 BC
  • Daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II of Egypt.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cleopatra Thea assumed power in her own right; she abandoned her husband Demetrius II and arranged his murder in 125 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Seleucid dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
Seleucus V Philometor
( –125 BC) 		125 BC
  • Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • He declared himself king following his father's murder against the wishes of his mother who killed him.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochus VIII face.png Antiochus VIII Grypus
( –96 BC) 		125–96 BC
(second reign) 		Tryphaena
(124–111 BC)
Cleopatra Selene
(103–96 BC)
  • Due to the discontent arising from her becoming a queen regnant, Cleopatra Thea elevated Antiochus VIII as co-king.[note 8]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochus IX face.png Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
( –95 BC) 		114–95 BC Cleopatra IV
(114–112 BC)
Cleopatra Selene
(96–95 BC)
  • Son of Antiochus VII and Cleopatra Thea.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • He rose against Antiochus VIII with the help of Cleopatra IV.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Antiochus VIII died in 96 BC and Antiochus IX followed him in 95 BC;Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". the country became embroiled in a civil war in which Antiochus VIII's five sons and the descendants of Antiochus IX fought between themselves.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The chronology of all those monarchs is problematic and is specially vague regarding Seleucus VI's successors.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:DemetriusIII.png Demetrius III Eucaerus
( –88 BC) 		96–88 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Declared king in Damascus.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Seleucus VI Epiphanes.png Seleucus VI Epiphanes
( –94/93 BC) 		96–94/93 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Defeated Antiochus IX but was soon killed.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antioco X Eusebes.jpg Antiochus X Eusebes
( –92) 		95–92 BC Cleopatra Selene
(95–92 BC)
  • Son of Antiochus IX and a first wife whose name is lost.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Avenged his father and killed Seleucus VI.[note 9]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He married his step-mother.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochus 11.png Antiochus XI Epiphanes
( –93 BC) 		94–93 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Killed by Antiochus X.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Philipus I.png Philip I Philadelphus
( –83 BC) 		94–84/83 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Took the throne with his twin Antiochus XI.[note 10]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochus XII.jpg Antiochus XII Dionysus
( –84 BC) 		87–84/83 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ruled only in Damascus.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Ptolemaic dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
File:Obverse of cleopatra selene.png Cleopatra Selene
(c. 135/130–69 BC) 		83–69 BC
  • Daughter of Ptolemy VIII and his wife Cleopatra III of Egypt.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cleopatra Selene declared her son Antiochus XIII king following the deaths of both Antiochus XII and Philip I; she seems to have installed herself co-ruler.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Seleucid dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
File:Antiochus XIII face.jpg Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
(c. 94–63 BC) 		83 or 83–74 BC
(first reign)
  • Son of Antiochus X and Cleopatra Selene.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Might have had a brother, Seleucus VII Philometer, as a co-ruler.[note 11]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Artaxiad dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
File:Coin of Tigranes II the Great, Antioch mint.jpg Tigranes the Great
(140–55 BC) 		83/74–69 BC
  • King of Armenia, invaded Syria; the year of the invasion is up to debate and is traditionally given as 83 BC based on the account of Appian.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The date of the invasion might actually be later, around 74 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Armenian king captured Cleopatra Selene and killed her in 69 BC,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". but he was forced by the Romans to evacuate Syria the same year.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Seleucid dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
File:Antiochus XIII face.jpg Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
(c. 94–63 BC) 		69–67 BC
(second reign)
  • The Roman general Pompey confirmed Antiochus as king following Tigranes departure.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Philip II Philoromaeus
( –after 57 BC) 		67–65 BC
  • Son of Philip I.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Elevated by the people of Antioch following Antiochus XIII's capture by Sampsiceramus I of Emesa.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Antiochus XIII face.jpg Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
(c. 94–63 BC) 		65–64 BC
(third reign)
  • Freed by his captor, he ruled for one year before being deposed by Pompey who annexed Syria as a Roman province.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Antonian dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Parents, co-regents, and notes
Ptolemy Philadelphus
(36–after 30 BC) 		34–30 BC
  • Son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He was declared king of Syria during the Donations of Alexandria.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Hashemite dynasty

On 8 March 1920, prince Faysal of the House of Hashim, supported by the Syrian National Congress, declared himself king of the Arab Kingdom of Syria; the kingdom collapsed on 24 July of the same year.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Portrait Name
(and lifespan) 		Reign Consort
(and tenure) 		Standard Notes
File:King Faisal I of Syria in July 1920.jpg Faisal
(20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) 		8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920 Huzaima bint Nasser
(8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920) 		File:Royal Standard of the King of Syria (1920).svg
  • Son of Hussein bin Ali and Abdiyah bint Abdullah of Mecca.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Biblical usage for Aramean kings

In the first translation of the Old Testament into Greek written during the third century BC (called the Septuagint),Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Aram and Arameans were often translated as Syria and the Syrians;Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". hence, the king was referred to as the king of Syria,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and this was carried on by many English translations.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Aram in the Hebrew Old Testament and Syria in the translation indicated the kingdom of Aram-Damascus most of the times.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Occasionally, other Aramean regions were also referred to as Syria.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". In the view of W. Edward Glenny, the rendering of Aram by Syria might be explained by an anti-Syrian bias, since at the time of the translation, Syria belonged to the Seleucids, the Jews' main enemy; Aram-Damascus was the Jews' enemy during its Iron Age prime in the 9th century BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Aramean kings referred to as "kings of Syria"

Portrait Name Reign Notes
Rezon 10th century BC
  • Mentioned as "ruling over Syria" in 1 Kings 11:25.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Also named "Ezron",Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and known only from the Old Testament.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hezion 10th century BC
  • The name "Hazib" was also used for him.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Known only from the Old Testament.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Ben-Hadad I
  • Known only from the Old Testament.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Ben-Hadad II
  • Equated by many Biblical scholars with Adad-Idri who was mentioned in Assyrian sources.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Hazael bust.jpg Hazael c. 842–800 BC
  • Probably a usurper; described in Assyrian records as "the son of a nobody".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Ben-Hadad III
  • The only king mentioned by the name "Ben-Hadad" both in the Old Testament and extra-biblical sources.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rezin 750s–733 BC
  • Known in Assyrian inscription as Raqyan.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal". Script error: No such module "Side box".

Notes

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  1. ↑ Antiochus son of Antiochus III was made co-king in 209 BC and died in 193 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  2. ↑ There is no reason to believe that Laodice III fell from grace as she survived her husband and was honoured throughout his and his successors reigns.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Seleucid monarchs did not engage in polygamy and even the most hostile accounts, aside from the propagandistic work of Polybius, do not accuse Antiochus III with the act.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Paul J. Kosmin suggests a solution for the problem of Antiochus' second wife; according to Polybius, Euboea was a name given by Antiochus to his second wife and it is the name of her island.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Hence, in the view of Kosmin, by marrying this girl, Antiochus signified that he was marrying the island which the girl became its symbol.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  3. ↑ Antiochus was a child of 4 or 5 years when he ascended the throne.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Heliodorus might have killed Seleucus IV,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". before being removed by Antiochus IV who kept his nephew as co-king before killing him in 170 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  4. ↑ Fritz Heichelheim proposed three possibilities: Antiochus was Demetrius I's son Antigonus who assumed the dynastic name Antiochus, a pretender, or Demetrius I's youngest son Antiochus VII.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Alfred Raymond Bellinger considered the suggestion of Antiochus VII the most credible.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  5. ↑ Appian called Balas Alexandros Nothos (Alexander the bastard); this bastardy could have been the reason for the doubts ancient writers showed regarding Alexander's paternity.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  6. ↑ Josephus placed Antiochus' murder after the end of Demetrius II's first reign and Diodorus Siculus placed the usurpation of Diodotus Tryphon in the consular year 138 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". However, the last coins struk in Antiochus' name date to the year142/141 BC indicating that he was murdered around that time.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  7. ↑ Alexander fabricated a genealogy that presented him as the son of Alexander I Balas according to Poseidonius, or the adopted son of Antiochus VII according to Justin.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  8. ↑ In 124/123 BC,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". he married Tryphaena who was murdered in 111 BC by Antiochus IX.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". By 103 BC, he married Tryphaena's sister Cleopatra Selene.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  9. ↑ His reign might have actually ended in 89/88 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  10. ↑ Philip's death date is unknown but traditionally assumed to be the year 84 or 83 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Although there is a possibility that he ruled until 75 BC.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  11. ↑ In 2002, numismatist Brian Kritt announced the discovery and decipherment of a coin bearing the portrait of Cleopatra Selene and a co-ruler;Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Kritt read the name of the ruler as Seleucus Philometor and, based on the epithet "Philometor", meaning mother loving, identified him with Cleopatra Selene's son, unnamed by Cicero.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Kritt gave the newly discovered ruler the regnal name Seleucus VII, and considered it very likely that he is identical with Kybiosaktes.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The reading of "Seleucus VII" was accepted by some scholars such as Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Michael Roy Burgess,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". but Oliver D Hoover rejected Kritt's reading, noting that the coin was badly damaged and some letters were unreadable; Hoover read the king's name as Antiochus and identified him with Antiochus XIII.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

Citations

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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Sources

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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