Lendu language
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The Lendu language is a Central Sudanic language spoken by the Balendru, an ethno-linguistic agriculturalist group residing in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the area west and northwest of Lake Albert, specifically the Ituri Province. It is one of the most populous of the Central Sudanic languages. There are three-quarters of a million Lendu speakers in the DRC. A conflict between the Lendu and the Hema was the basis of the Ituri conflict.[1]
Besides the Balendru, Lendu is spoken as a native language by a portion of the Hema, Alur, and Okebu. In Uganda, the Lendu tribe live in the districts of Nebbi and Zombo districts, northwest of Lake Albert.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Names
Ethnologue gives Bbadha as an alternate name of Lendu, but Blench (2000) lists Badha as a distinct language. A draft listing of Nilo-Saharan languages, available from his website and dated 2012, lists Lendu/Badha.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Near-close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Open | Template:IPA link |
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar |
Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| centralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | sibilantScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||||
| Nasal | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | (Template:IPA link) | |||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
| prenasalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| vl. implosiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| vd. implosiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| Fricative | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| prenasalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | ||||||||
| Rhotic | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||||
| Approximant | plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| glottalizedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | ||||||||
- Script error: No such module "IPA". is mainly heard as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". when preceding velar consonants.
Implosives
Demolin (1995)[2] posits that Lendu has voiceless implosives, Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "IPA".). However, Goyvaerts (1988)[3] had described these as creaky-voiced implosives Script error: No such module "IPA"., as in Hausa, contrasting with a series of modally voiced implosives Script error: No such module "IPA". as in Kalabari, and Ladefoged judges that this seems to be a more accurate description.[4]
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Demolin, Didier. 1995. The phonetics and phonology of glottalized consonants in Lendu. In Connell, Bruce and Arvaniti, Amalia (eds.), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence. Papers in Laboratory Phonology IV, 368-385. Cambridge Univ. Press.
- ↑ Goyvaerts, Didier L. 1988. Glottalized Consonants a New Dimension. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 3. 97-102. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- ↑ Template:SOWL
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- Kutsch-Lojenga, Constance. 1989. The Secret behind Vowelless Syllables in Lendu. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 11. 115–126. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
- Tucker, Archibald N. 1940. Lendu. In The Eastern Sudanic Languages: Volume I, 380–418. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Trifkovic, Mirjana. 1977. Tone preserving vowel reduction in Lendu. Studies in African Linguistics 8. 121–125.
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