Khorasani Turkic
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Khorasani Turkic or Khorasani Turkish is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken in the North Khorasan Province and the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also bilingual in Persian.[2]
Geographic distribution
Khorasani Turkic is spoken in the Iranian provinces of North Khorasan near Bojnord and Razavi Khorasan near Sabzevar, Quchan. The Oghuz dialect spoken in Western Uzbekistan is sometimes considered a dialect of Khorasani Turkic.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Dialects
Khorasani Turkic is split into North, South and West dialects. The northern dialect is spoken in North Khorasan near Quchan; the southern in Soltanabad, near Sabzevar; the western, around Bojnord.
Khorasani Turkic belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, which also includes Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz, Qashqai, Turkmen and Salar.
Khorasani Turkic was first classified as a separate dialect by Iranian Azerbaijani linguist Javad Heyat in the book Tārikh-e zabān o lahcayā-ye Türki (History of the Turkic dialects).[3] According to some linguists, it should be considered intermediate linguistically between Azerbaijani and Turkmen, although it is sufficiently distinct not to be considered a dialect of either.[3] It is considered by Turkic scholars to be most closely related to the other Oghuz varieties spoken in Iran, and a close relationship with Turkmen has been disputed on the basis of the comparisons of the core set of agglutinating morphemes.[4]
Doerfer and Hesche classify Khorasani Turkic into different branches within the Oghuz languages.[5] Script error: No such module "Clade".
According to Robert Lindsay, Khorasani Turkic has four branches:[6] Script error: No such module "Clade".
Glottolog lists seven distinct dialects:[7] Script error: No such module "Clade".
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||
| Fricative | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||
| Flap | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| Approximant | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unroundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | roundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | unroundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | roundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Open | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
All vowels have phonemic length distinction. The vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". is rounded to Script error: No such module "IPA". when followed by the vowels Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". (sho& long Script error: No such module "IPA". (Muxabbat Script error: No such module "IPA". "love" , Insan Script error: No such module "IPA". "human"). On the other hand, short /o/ and all other vowels do not cause this rounding of Script error: No such module "IPA".. (Yoldaşlık Script error: No such module "IPA". "friendship"). /ɑ/ is always pronounced [ɑ] in plurals (& for some speakers, it is pronounced as such unconditionally)
Writing system
Khorasani Turkic is not often written, but it may be with the Persian alphabet in the Perso-Arabic script. Khorasani Turkic orthography is identical to the Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet.[8]
As Khorasani Turkic has more vowel sounds than either Arabic or Persian, and as the base Arabic letters are inadequate to distinguish between the divergent vowel sounds (wherein mispronunciation can at times change the meaning of words), same as in Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, diacritics on top of existing letters are used. However, in everyday usage, these diacritics are often dropped and pronunciation is derived from context and from vowel/consonant harmony rules. In the table below, these vowels are shown with a beige background.
| Letter | Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | a | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | b | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | p | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | t | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | (s) | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | c | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ç | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | (h) | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | x | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | d | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | (z) | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | r | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | z | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | j | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | s | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ş | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | (s) | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | (d) | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | (t) | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | (z) | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ’ | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ǧ | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | f | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | q | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | k | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | g | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | l | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | m | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | n | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | v, o, u, ü | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | o | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | u | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ü | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ö | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | h, ə | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | y, ı, i | Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ı | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | e | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ʿ | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ng | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Morphology
Nouns
Pluralization
Pluralization is marked on nouns with the suffix Script error: No such module "IPA"., which has the two forms Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., depending on vowel harmony. As mentioned in the phonology section, plural Script error: No such module "IPA". is never rounded to [ɒ], even when it follows Script error: No such module "IPA"., /oː/ or Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Case
Nouns in Khorasani Turkic take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and whether they follow a vowel or a consonant:
| After Vowels | After Consonants | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | No Ending | |
| Genitive | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Dative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Accusative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Locative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Ablative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Instrumental | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
Possession
Possession is marked with a suffix on the possessed noun.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 2nd Person | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 3rd Person | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Pronouns
Khorasani Turkic has six personal pronouns. Occasionally, personal pronouns take different case endings from regular nouns.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 2nd Person | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 3rd Person | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Verbs
Verbs are declined for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. The infinitive form of the verb ends in -max.
Sample text
- Excerpt from Tulu (1989) p. 90
| Translation | IPA | Romanization | Arabic script (Iran) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thus, there was a padishah named Ziyad. | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Al ğässa bir Ziyäd pädişähi bärıdı | .ال غسا بیر زياد پدیشهی بـهریدی |
| Almighty God had given him no son. | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Xodavändi äläm ona hiç oğul ata elämamişdi. | .خوداوندی آلم اونا هیچ اوغول اتا ایلهمامیشدی |
| Then, he spoke to his vizier: "O Vizier, I have no son. What shall I do about it?" | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Bädän vazirä dedi: "Ey vazir, mändä ki oğul yoxdı. Män nä çarä eylem?" | بدن وازیره دهدی: «ای وازیر, منده کی اوغول یوخدی. من نه چاره ایولیم»؟ |
| The vizier said: "Ruler of the whole world, what will you do with this possession?" | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Vazir dedi: "Padişai qıbläyi aläm, sän bu malıämvalı näyliyäsän?" | وازیر دهدی: «پادیشای قیبلنهیی آلم, سن بو مالیموالی نیلیسن»؟ |
See also
References
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- ↑ The Turkic Languages, By Lars Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató Johanson, page 13, Routledge, 2015
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- Bibliography
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Additional resources
- (Persian) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (Downloadable from: https://turuz.com/storage/Language/2015/0861-_Dil_Ashnayi_Ba_Zabane_Turki_Xorasani_Celal_Qulizade_Merzeci.pdf / Archive)
External links
Template:Languages of Iran Script error: No such module "Navbox".