Khinalug language

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Khinalug (also spelled Khinalig, Khinalugi, Xinalug(h), Xinaliq or Khinalugh) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 3,000 people in the villages of Khinalug and Gülüstan, Quba in the mountains of Quba Rayon, northern Azerbaijan. It may either belong to the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family,[1] or it may form its own independent branch within that family.[2]

Khinalug is endangered,[3] and classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[4]

History

Khinalug is the language of the village Khinalug in the Quba district of Azerbaijan. It has been tentatively classified by previous researchers as a member of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian languages.[1] Although Khinalug is the official language of the village, it is mostly spoken by villagers in informal circumstances, while the national language Azerbaijani is used formally for educational purposes and to communicate with non-Khinalug speakers.[1] Khinalug is considered to be a threatened language. In recent years, the road leading to the villages where it is spoken has fallen into disrepair, leaving the area mostly isolated.[5]

Phonology

The Khinalug language previously had its own script.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Alexander Kibrik and a team of 13 linguists from Moscow State University visited the village in 2005.[6] In 2007 they developed a Latin orthography for Khinalug, in collaboration with local school teachers in the village. It is presented in angle brackets on the tables below.

Consonants

Consonants[7][8]
Labial Dental Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Plosive voiceless lenis Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
voiceless fortis Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
voiced Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
ejective Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Affricate voiceless lenis Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr3 Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
voiceless fortis Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
voiced Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
ejective Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr2 Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr4 Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
voiced Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr1 Template:IPA link Template:Angbr2 Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr4
Trill Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr

1 The cedilla in the orthography is in the middle of the bottom of the <z>, as is typical of Russian linguistics.

2 Kh and gh are rare.

3 Kx is very rare.

4 The pharyngeal sounds mostly appear in Arabic loanwords.

Vowels

[7] Khinalug has nine vowels and four diphthongs.

Front Back
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High Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Mid Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Low Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr

Diphthongs include: [iu] [ui] [oe] [oa].

Alphabet

Khinalug Cyrillic alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
А А̃ Аь Б В Г Гъ ГӀ ГӀв Д Дж Дз Е Е̃ Ж З И И̃ Й К Кв Кк Кх Кхв Кхкх Къв Кь КьӀ КӀ КӀв Л Лъ М Н О О̃ Оь
а а̃ аь б в г гъ гӀ гӀв д дж дз е е̃ ж з и и̃ й к кв кк кх кхв кхкх къв кь кьӀ кӀ кӀв л лъ м н о о̃ оь
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
П Пв ПӀ Р С Т Тт ТӀ ТӀв ТӀтӀ У У̃ Уь Ф Х Хъ Хъв Хь ХӀ Ӏ Ӏъ Ц Цв Цц ЦӀ ЦӀв Ч Чч ЧӀ ЧӀв Ш Шв Ъ Ы Э Ә Ә̃
п пв пӀ р с т тт тӀ тӀв тӀтӀ у у̃ уь ф х хъ хъв хь хӀ Ӏ Ӏъ ц цв цц цӀ цӀв ч чч чӀ чӀв ш шв ъ ы э ә ә̃

The version below was created by scientists from Frankfurt UniversityScript error: No such module "Unsubst". in 2013, following research into Khinalug phonology by Moscow specialists.[9]

Khinalug Latin alphabet (2013)
a b c ç ĉ ċ d e ə f
g ğ ĝ h ĥ ḣ x x̂ ı i̇
j k k̂ k̇ q q̂ q̇ l m n
o ö p p̂ ṗ r s ŝ ş t
t̂ ṫ u ü v y z ẑ ż

Kibrik's alphabet from above is presented again, this time in table form.[7]

A a B b C c Cc cc C' c' Ç ç Çç çç Ç' ç' Ə ə F f
G g Gh gh Ğ ğ H h Hh hh İ i I ı J j K k Kk kk
K' k' Kh kh Kx kx L l M m N n O o Ö ö P p Pp pp
P' p' Q q Qq qq Q' q' R r S s Ş ş T t Tt tt T' t'
U u Ü ü V v X x Y y Z z Z̧ z̧ ʕ

Vocabulary

The following words were phonetically transcribed from Khinalug:[10]

Khinalug singular Khinalug plural Translation
arhaz arhazırdır pen (enclosure for livestock)
c’imir c’imirdir sparrow
izin izindir gingiva
kırab kırabırdır galoshes
mısır mısırdır rope
nek’id nek’idirdir back
t’uk’un t’uk’undur cheek
t’umbol t’umboldur prune
ustot ustoturdur pepper
ustul ustuldur table
dalıg dalιgιrdιr work
culoz culozurdur tooth
jalkan jalkandιr mane
kotuk kotukurdur tree stump
mekteb mektebirdir school (compare: maktab)
mizer mizerdir textile

Note: ı is roughly pronounced as the e in "fallen". u is roughly pronounced as the ou in "coup".

Audio samples

File:AUDIO-2024-12-08-18-59-29-JULIET.flac
Recording by Kamal Kabir-oglu Khasammadov of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, 2.2.2–3
 Khinalug (phonetic):
Iylesh toxun, ment’ekhiyly talashpy chshyi yaza?
De inq’qalsh me Juliet’dam inq’me. 		English:
But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.
File:AUDIO-2024-12-08-18-59-45-HAMLET.flac
Recording by Kamal Kabir-oglu Khasammadov of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, 3.1.57 & 84
 Khinalug (phonetic):
Tagvual sam Tagondaval lishirji deme […]
De kin k’ulluqurval, kin bitiyn inqxer kir me. 		English:
To be, or not to be, that is the question […]
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all.
File:AUDIO-2024-12-08-18-59-58-SON36.flac
Recording by Kamal Kabir-oglu Khasammadov of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 36, ll.1–2
 Khinalug (phonetic):
Yaxe chkne yem, kin djyre kotka djmin
q’iq’aly djyresh konde mheppetysh saj me. 		English:
Let me confess that we two must be twain,
Although our undivided loves are one[.]
File:AUDIO-2024-12-08-19-00-17-GATTO.flac
Recording by Kamal Kabir-oglu Khasammadov of a line from Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa’s The Leopard
 Khinalug (phonetic):
Djym q’yy kin yag’yqalm Chendj kui ukkoetti q’yy, kin hoz shyspqrt koa. 		English:
If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Family tree of Northeast Caucasian languages at Ethnologue
  3. ↑ Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
  4. ↑ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger Template:Webarchive
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Kodzasov, S.V., et al., 2007. Khinalug language alphabet (in: Russian).
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

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External links

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Template:Languages of Azerbaijan Template:Northeast Caucasian languages Template:Languages of the Caucasus

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