Kannadigas

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The Kannadigas or KannadigaruTemplate:Efn (Template:LangxTemplate:Efn), often referred to as Kannada people, are a Dravidian ethnic group primarily native to the southern Indian state of Karnataka and its surrounding regions.[3] They natively speak Kannada, which belongs to the Dravidian language family.[4] Kannada stands among 30 of the most widely spoken languages of the world as of 2001.[5]

After the Mauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were from the outside. One theory posits that the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the region's most renowned, was founded by Kannadigas who served as commanders in the Hoysala Empire's army stationed in the Tungabhadra region.[6]

The Kannada language has written inscriptions dating back as far as 450 CE. Kannada literature is mostly composed of treatises on various topics and poems on religious works. Kannada architecture is dominated by stone-carved sculptured palaces, temples and traditional wooden folk houses known as thotti mane and chowki mane.[7] Many of religious architectures built during ancient and medieval period are today UNESCO World Heritage sites.[8]

History

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Minor dynasties that played an important role in the development of Kannada language, culture and polity were Tuluva Dynasty of Canara,[9] Rattas of Saundatti (Belgaum),[9] Guttas of Guttal (Dharwad region),[10] Banas of Kolar,[11] Nolambas of Nolambavadi,[12][13] Vaidumbas,[14][15] Chengalvas,[9] Kongalvas,[9] Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda (Banavasi province), Yalahanka Nadaprabhu Kempegowda,[16] Sindas of Yelburga (Bijapur-Gulbarga),[10] Kadamba of Hangal.[17]

In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannada poets and Kannada language were:

Culture

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Architecture

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File:Karnataka Hampi IMG 0730.jpg
Hampi, capital of Vijayanagara Empire

Architecture and sculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars of Hampi, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[43] the Script error: No such module "Lang". (monolithic) statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India[44] the Yelu Sutthina Kote of Chitradurga (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the inner garbhagrihas.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The temples of Karnataka had in them many shaili or varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.

File:Gomateswara.jpg
57-foot monolithic statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali dated 978–993 AD.
File:ಮನೆ ಅಂಗಳ ತುಳಸಿ ಕಟ್ಟೆ.JPG
Traditional folk house with courtyard and tulasi katte.

Some of the places of interest are:

File:Aurangabad,ellora kailash temple.jpg
Kailasa Temple, Ellora built by Krishna I

Pioneer sculptors include:

Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:

File:Mysore Painting.jpg
Mysore religious icon painting depicting Goddess Saraswathi

Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.

These are many of the places where art is displayed.

Music

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Dasa sahitya is the literature of Bhakti movement composed by devotees in honor of Lord Vishnu or one of his avatars. Dasa is literally "servant" in Kannada and sahitya is literature. Haridasas ("servants of God") were preachers of Bhakti to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[51]

The Haridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[51][52] They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading the didactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[53] Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, called naadopasana. The Lord is described as Samagana priya, and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[54]

The Haridasa compositions are popularly known as Devaranamas. Compositions like Krishna Nee Begane Baaro, Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana, Tamboori Meetidava are some of the many examples of their scholarly work.

File:Veena (close view).jpg
Veena is the most commonly used instrument in Carnatic music.

Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:

One of the oldest forms of music in the region is Karnataka Shastreeya Sangeetha which has evolved over ages. Both Hindustani and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas. Bhavageete and Sugama Sangeetha are some innovations. Other forms of music include Gamaka,[56] Joogera Pada and Lavani.[57] Yakshagana is considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.[58]

Contemporary musical thespians are:

File:Veene Sheshanna.jpg
Veene Sheshanna (1852-1926) notable Veena player and composer.

Theater

File:Jaanapada.jpg
Jaanapada artists at government-sponsored Jaanapadha Jaatre

Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot of Script error: No such module "lang". (literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are called Script error: No such module "lang". (plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) and Bayalata (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[62] As its etymology indicates, bayalu means open-air field and ata means theater. In southern Karnataka, the eastern and western varieties of Yakshagana are termed Bayalata, whereas in the north, several other distinct genres are included under the name.[63]

Harikathe which covers an entire night is another form where one (or more) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background.[64] It is a common feature to narrate battles, stories, devotions or vratha in front of temples on auspicious days like Dasara and Maha Shivaratri.[65] Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Today, late-night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.[66]

Togalu gombeyaata, is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads [67]

Vasanta Habba (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by the Nrityagram foundation in Bengaluru. It is a very popular event and is considered the classical Woodstock of India.[68] First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[69] Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[70] In 2006, the Government of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiating Jaanapada Jaatre which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends in Lalbagh and other parts of the city.[71]

Some famous theatrical, cinematic and television personalities like T P Kailasam, Gubbi Veeranna, C. Honappa Bhagavathar, G V Iyer, Dr. Rajkumar, Puttanna Kanagal, Kalpana, B. S. Ranga, B V Karanth, Girish Kasaravalli, Shankar Nag, T.S. Nagabharana, T N Seetharam have contributed for its richness.

Dance forms

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The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited by Soligas, of which Pinasee is a traditional dance form.[72] The people of Kodagu in the Western Ghats also have their own dance forms.

Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:

  • Dollu Kunitha, a popular drum dance accompanied by singing
  • Veeragase, It is vigorous dance which involves very intense energy-sapping movements performed by jangamas [73]
  • Kamsale, is a folk dance performed by the devotees of lord Male mahadeshwara with rhythmic instrument
  • Somana Kunitha / Chamana kunitha, a Form of mask dance, Somana kunitha is ritualistic performance during the festivals in temples, prominently glorifying village deities worshipped by the people since ages [74]
  • Pooja Kunita, A religious folk dance of Karnataka which is performed by holding Shakti devata on the head[75]
  • Suggi Kunitha, is performed during harvesting festival in Karnataka, Haalakki tribe living in coastal part of north canara perform this dance at the time of holy harvesting festival [76]
  • Goravara Kunitha is a treditional dance of kurubas which is dedicated to lord mialara linga
  • Yakshagana is a form of dance which is popular in coastal Karnataka[77]
  • Bhootha (Gana) Aradhane /Buta Kola, This form of dance is widely performed in coastal regions. A dancer personifying a bhoota (holy spirit) dances around the plinth with sword & jingling bells.
  • Gaarudi Gombe, where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made of bamboo sticks
  • Kolata, a stick dance.[78][79]
  • Huttari, is a form of dance performed by Kodavas during harvest festival
  • Moodalapaya, is the eastern form of Yakshagana which is popular in North Karnataka[80]
  • Bayalata, featuring stories of Puranas rendered as dance[81]
  • Bharatanatyam is classical dance of Karnataka, too. It is referred to as Bharata- Natya in Kannada. The similar dance content was discussed in the Kannada text Manasollasa, written by Someshwara lll.[82][83]
  • Jaggahalige Mela, is performed in hubli-dharwad region on the auspicious occasion of Holi & ugadi[84]
  • Karaga (festival), is celebrated annually which is dedicated to draupadi, Bengaluru Karaga is a notable event.

Martial arts

The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals. Kusthi, Malla Yuddha, Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.

The Mysore Odeyars arrange kaalaga or fights like Vajra Mushti during Dasara festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, and Kabaddi are popular sports.[85]

Yogasana, Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the best Yoga practitioners can be found here. Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.

Cuisine

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File:Dosai Chutney Hotel Saravana Bhavan.jpg
Masale Dosey

The cuisine of Karnataka includes many vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. One of the earliest Indian books with chapters on culinary preparations, Manasollasa, was from Karnataka, written during the reign of Kannada emperor Someshwara |||. The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouring South Indian states, as well as the state of Maharashtra to its north. Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine.[86]

Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadigas homes include Bisi Bele Bath, Jolada rotti, Ragi rotti, Akki rotti, Masale rotti, Saaru, Huli, Benne dose, Ragi mudde, Chitranna, Chapathi, Poori, Avalakki, Puri Usli, Puliyogare (tamarind rice) and Uppittu. Dosa (food) origin is linked to Udupi cuisine. A recipe for dosa (as dosaka) can be found in Manasollasa.[87][88] Plain and rave Idli, Masala Dosa or Masale dosey and Maddur Vade are very popular in South Karnataka. Neer dosa is a delicacy from coastal Karnataka.[89] Davanagere Benne dose is a notable flavourful dosa. Kadubu, a kind of rice dumplings, is a popular and ethnic food in South Malnad regions such as Sakaleshpura, Mudigere, Somwarapete, etc. and is consumed with Script error: No such module "lang". (black sesame) chutney.

Among sweets, Mysore Pak, Dharwad pedha, Chiroti, Jalebi, and Belagavi Kunda are well known. Hurnagadab, Karadantu of Gokak and Amingarh, Obbattu (bele hurana holige), Kaayi Kadubu, Kaayi (coconut) Obbattu, Shenga holige, Thambittu (tamta), Karji Kai, Ellu unde, Ginna, Halubai, Rave Unde, Otthu Shavige Kaayi haalu, a variety of Payasa (Shavige payasa, kadle bele payasa, Hesaru bele payasa, Sabakki payasa), Sajjige, and Kesari bat are popular sweets. Indis (chutneys) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour.Template:How Some popular ones include Shenga indi (groundnut), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi, and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnataka Script error: No such module "lang". (pickles) too are very distinct from the rest,Template:HowTemplate:According to whom like Mavina Script error: No such module "lang". (fine mango pickles), Script error: No such module "lang". (lemon pickles), Script error: No such module "lang". (entire mango pickle), Script error: No such module "lang". (carrot pickle), and Script error: No such module "lang". (chili pickle).

Some non-vegetarian dishes include: Dhonne biriyani, Bamboo biriyani, Mutton pulao, Mangalore fish curry, fish fry, Mangalore mutton and chicken Sukka, Mandya naati style Baaduta, Ragi mudde - Koli saaru, rice with Mutton sambar, Egg curry, Pork curry, chicken sambar, or gravy, and Boti gojju, among others.

Clothing

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File:Codice Casanatense Hindu Marriage Center.jpg
Kannada wedding ceremony depicted by Codice Casanatense. The inscription reads; "Marriage of Kanarese", circa 1540.

The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly includes panche (some tie as Kachche) or lungi (wrapping style depends on the region), Angi a traditional form of shirt and Peta turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style. Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in the countryside. Many use Khadi in their clothing until date of which politicians are prominent ones.

Female costumes include Seere of which Ilakal Seere and Mysore silk are famous. Seere has variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu, North and South Karnataka and Karavali. Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear the Langa davani before marriage. Kasuti is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought-after art on dress and costumes.

An urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females include shalwar. Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place.

Literature

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Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[90] the excellence of Kannada literature continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards[91] and fifty-six Sahitya Akademi awards.

Pampa, Ranna and Ponna are considered as three jewels of Old Kannada (Halegannada). Janna was another notable poet of this genre.[92][93]

Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, Allama Prabhu, Vidyaranya, Harihara, Raghavanka, Kumara Vyasa, Sarvajna, Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa, Shishunala Shareefa, Raghavendra Swami etc. were pioneers of Nadugannada. All these have been involved with social and cultural movements and hence this was the golden era of literature which brought about a renaissance in Kannada literature. This period was amalgamation of literature works which crossed across boundaries under a vast roof encompassed by art and theater fields. The literature works of Kannada in Navodaya is crowned with eight Jnanpith awards.[94]

Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are:

Kannada journalism

File:Bhashyam-Bhashyachar.jpg
Bhashyam Bhashyachar published "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859.

Mangaluru Samachara was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 by German missionary Hermann Mögling.[96] Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859 under the royal patronage of Krishnaraja Wadiyar III.[97] Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, K. N. Guruswamy founded The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers, Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.[98][99] D. V. Gundappa was a notable Kannada journalist, he was awarded third-highest civilian award Padmabhushan in 1974.[100]

List of a few major newspapers:

Notable people

Religious leaders

Gandhian philosophers

Modern science and technology

Environmentalists

Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country[101] and home for industries, has preserved its forests and wildlife. The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protected Wildlife of Karnataka. The Kannada culture protects and balances Kaadu (forest) and Naadu (state) as can be seen. Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects of Soliga, Badaga, Jenu Kuruba, Hakki Pikki, Lambani, Siddis and other inhabitants of forests. See Appiko Chaluvali.

Noted environmentalists include:

Current cricketers

Retired cricketers

Caste and Communities

Like other ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people form several distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are the Lingayat and the Vokkaliga from North and South Karnataka respectively.[102] while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the former pastoralist community of Kuruba, Scheduled Tribes like the Boya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka. Kannada Brahmins are divided into several communities.[103][104] Although historically Jainism in Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.[105]

Horanadu Kannadigaru

Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka. N R Narayana Murthy, speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference, opined that Kannadigas who move out of the state are respected everywhere.[106] Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants, some of the successful functional bodies include Singara (Singapore),[107] Dehali Kannadiga (New Delhi), Mumbai Karnataka Sangha (Mumbai),[108] Mallige Kannada Balaga (Mauritius),[109] North America Vishwa Kannada Association (NAVIKA) and Association of Kannada Kootas of America (AKKA) in the United States have promoted cultural involvement[110] through events such as Kannadotsava. Significant Kannada minorities are found in the Indian states of Maharashtra in Kolhapur, Solapur and Sangli;[111] Tamil Nadu in Nilgiri, Erode, Dharampuri and Hosur;[112] Andhra Pradesh in Madakasira, Rayadurgam, Anantapur, Chitoor and Kurnool; Goa; Kerala in Waynad;[113][114] and in other Indian states.[111] The Kannadiga diaspora are found all over the world, in countries like the USA, the United Kingdom, Canada, and in the UAE.[115][116][117][118][119][120]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  13. ↑ Their territory included modern Tumkur, Chitradurga, Kolar, Bellary and Bangalore districts. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163
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  15. ↑ They were an Andhra dynasty who ruled over Kurnool, Cuddappah in the 10th century. There inscriptions are in Telugu and Kannada. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163
  16. ↑ Also known as the Kempegowda family, builders of modern Bangalore-Kamath (2001), pp. 240–241
  17. ↑ Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas exist, one with the Kannada inscription Saarvadhari and other with Nakara. They are preserved in the Royal Asiatic Society and Indian Historical Research Institute, Mumbai -Moraes (1931), p 385
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  85. ↑ Details regarding Dasara Wrestling competition held in Mysore is provided by Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Ramanujan, A. K. (1973), Speaking of Śiva Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 11, Template:ISBN
  93. ↑ R.S. Mugali (2006), The Heritage of Karnataka, pp. 173–175 Template:ISBN
  94. ↑ Jnanpith for Kambar, TheHindu.com; accessed 16 January 2022.
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Hermann Mögling's contribution to the Kannada literature is mentioned by Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Bellary Shamanna Kesavan (1988) - History of Printing and Publishing in India: Volume 2, p.48
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Jainism and Karnataka Culture by Shripad Rama Sharma|page 13|2017
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Singara - Kannada Sangha (Singapore) Template:Webarchive
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

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  • John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, Template:ISBN
  • Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
  • Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, Template:ISBN
  • Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934), The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, OCLC 3793499
  • K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), Template:ISBN
  • R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988 Template:ISBN.
  • Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030, Orient Longman, Chennai, Template:ISBN
  • George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 Template:ISBN
  • Rice, B.L. [1897] (2001). Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. Template:ISBN.
  • Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Chand publications, New Delhi Template:ISBN
  • Cousens, Henry, (1926), The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, OCLC 37526233
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

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