Juang language
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The Juang language is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily by the Juang people of Odisha state, eastern India.
Classification
The Juang language belongs to the Munda language family, the whole of which is classified as a branch of the greater Austroasiatic language family. Among the Munda languages, Juang is considered to be most closely related to Kharia, although Anderson considers Juang and Kharia to have split off from each other relatively early.[1]
Juang can be roughly divided into the Hill and Plains varieties, both of which are spoken in Odisha (Patnaik 2008:508).
- Hill Juang: Gonasika Hills (in Keonjhar district) and Pallara Hills
- Plains Juang: about 147 villages in southern Keonjhar district and eastern Dhenkanal district
Distribution
Juang is spoken by about 30,875 people according to the 2001 Indian census, 65% of ethnic population[2] In Odisha state, it is spoken in southern Keonjhar district, northern Angul district, and eastern Dhenkanal district (Patnaik 2008:508).
Juang is currently an Endangered language and is considered to vulnerable, or (not spoken by children outside of home).
Juang currently has roughly under 20,000 speakers remaining
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Open | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
Consonants
Prosody
Stress in phonological words is always released on the second syllable. In sentence, intonation falls on the last word, usually a verb.
Grammar
Being in state of assimilation into larger Indo-Aryan populations, Juang speakers have borrowed a significant portion of vocabulary from Hindi and Oriya, while the head-marking feature of the language is eroding.
Nominal
Juang differentiates three numbers: singular (unmarked), dual (-kia), and plural (-ki).
The number system is divided into two sets which are used depending on degree of honorificity. For examples, muinʈo ('one') is used to refer something in non-honorific expression, and minog (one.HON) is used to address something in respectful way.
Numeral classifier goʈa is used when numerals occur prenominally.
Juang is a nominative-accusative language; pronouns and noun phrases are unmarked or marked by case markers to indicate syntactic roles.
- Nominative case: unmarked.
- Accusative/Dative cases: -te, sometimes -bo or -bɔ.
- Genitive case: -a/-rɔ/-ra/-ka (-ka for emphatic expressions)
- Locative cases: -bɔ/-ya/-ɖa/-e/-ra/-re
- Ablative case: -ta/-tasun
Gender in Juang is marked by several affixes.
Verb
In Juang a number of roots are clearly exempt from the Transitive verb/Intransitive verb opposition, so that the function of the root can be determined only from its co-occurrence with the particular set of tense markers.
For Example,
pag- Set I 'to break' -Set II 'to be broken1
rag- Set I 'to tear' - Set II 'to be torn1
guj- Set I 'to wash' - Set II 'to be was
Juang verbs are increasingly becoming similar with those of Kharia: object indexing is being lost gradually due to superstratum pressure from Aryan. Nowadays, as it is, Juang object indexing is no longer obligatory or productive as compared to other Munda languages or at the time when Matson (1964) made his observation.[3][4]
| patient | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | ||
| rowspan="100%" Template:Vertical header | Template:Gcl | Ø-Σ/V/-mTemplate:Efn | Ø-Σ/V/-pa | Ø-Σ/V/-pe | Ø-Σ/V/-Ø | (-kia) | (-ki) | |||
| Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl | ba-Σ-m | ba-Σ-pa | ba-Σ-pe | |||||||
| Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl | nV-Σ-m | nV-Σ-pa | nV-Σ-pe | |||||||
| Template:Gcl | mV-Σ-ŋ | mV-Σ-ŋba | mV-Σ-ɲeniɲ | |||||||
| Template:Gcl | a-Σ-ŋ | a-Σ-ŋba | a-Σ-ɲeniɲ | |||||||
| Template:Gcl | V-Σ-ŋ | V-Σ-ŋba | V-Σ-ɲeniɲ | |||||||
| Template:Gcl | Σ/mV/-ŋ | Σ/mV/-ŋba | Σ/mV/-ɲeniɲ | Σ/mV/-m | Σ/mV/-pa | Σ/mV/-pe | ||||
| Template:Gcl | Σ-ŋ-kia | Σ-ŋba-kia | Σ-ɲeniɲ-kia | Σ-m-kia | Σ-pa-kia | Σ-pe-kia | ||||
| Template:Gcl | Σ-ŋ-ki | Σ-ŋba-ki | Σ-ɲeniɲ-ki | Σ-m-ki | Σ-pa-ki | Σ-pe-ki | ||||
Writing System
The writing system used by people who speak the Juang language is Odia.
Notes
References
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Sources
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- Odia-Juang Sabdakosh
- Mahapatra, B. P.. “Comparative Notes on Juang and Kharia Finite Verbs”. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 13 (1976): 801–814.
- Patnaik, Manideepa. 2008. "Juang". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 508–556. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. Template:ISBN.
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External links
- http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4341/samples/10020
- http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4341