Jiamao language
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Jiamao (Template:Zh; also Script error: No such module "Lang". Tái or Script error: No such module "Lang". Sāi) is a divergent Kra-Dai language or possible language isolate[1] spoken in southern Hainan, China.[2] Jiamao speakers' autonym is Script error: No such module "IPA".1.[3][4]
Classification
Jiamao is often classified one of the Hlai languages, which constitute a primary branch of the Kra–Dai language family, but Norquest (2007, 2015) and others note that Jiamao has a non-Hlai substratum.
Graham Thurgood (1992) suggested that Jiamao might have an Austroasiatic substratum. Norquest (2007) identified various lexical items in Jiamao that do not reconstruct to Proto-Hlai and later firmly established it as a non-Hlai language.[5] Hsiu (2018) notes that Jiamao also contains various words borrowed from an unknown, currently extinct Tibeto-Burman branch.[6]
Demographics
In the 1980s, Jiamao was spoken by 50,000 people in central and south-central Hainan, mostly in Jiamao Township (加茂镇) in Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County. It shares less than half of its lexicon with the Hlai languages.[7]
In Lingshui Li Autonomous County, Jiamao is spoken in Benhao (本号), Nanping (南平), Wenluo (文罗), Zuguan (祖关), Longguang (隆广), and Tianzi (田仔).[8] In Lingshui County, Jiamao is known as Tái (台), and is also known as Sāi (塞) or Jiāwǒ (加我).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
There are four Jiamao dialects,[9] namely Jiamao (加茂), Liugong (六弓), Tianzi (田仔), and Qunying (群英).
Jiamao is spoken in the following villages and townships of southern Hainan.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County (保亭黎族苗族自治县)
- Jiamao Township (加茂乡)
- Liugong Township (六弓乡)
- Shiling Town (什玲镇, in Jie 介村 and Shisheng 什胜村 villages)
- Lingshui Li Autonomous County (陵水黎族自治县)
- Longguang Town (隆广镇)
- Benhao Town (本号镇)
- Sanya (三亚市)
- Haitangwan Town (海棠湾镇, northeastern part: in Longtoucai 龙头菜村, Xiepei 协配村, and Maohou 毛喉村 villages)
The Liaoergong (廖二弓) dialect is documented in Huang (2011).[10]
Phonology
Tones
Jiamao has 8 distinct tone categories (Norquest 2015:311):
| Tone category | High register tone | Low register tone |
|---|---|---|
| A (open) | /55/ (tone 1) | /11/ (tone 4) |
| X (glottalized) | /51/ (tone 5) | /31/ (tone 2) |
| DL (long closed) | /53/ (tone 9) | /31/ (tone 8) |
| DS (short closed) | /55/ (tone 7) | /22/ (tone 10) |
Like Proto-Be,[11] Jiamao does not distinguish between tone categories B and C, but rather only has an X category.
As noted by Thurgood (1992) and Norquest (2015), these do not correspond to Hlai tones, but rather initials in Proto-Hlai. High register tones are derived from unvoiced initials, and low register tones from voiced initials.
See also
- Jiamao vocabulary lists (Wiktionary)
References
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Works cited
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Further reading
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