Heliantheae

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

File:Bidens biternata W IMG 2942.jpg
Bidens biternata- Spanish needles

The Heliantheae (sometimes called the sunflower tribe) are the third-largest tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). With some 190 genera and nearly 2500 recognized species, only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger. The name is derived from the genus Helianthus, which is Greek for sun flower. Most genera and species are found in North America (particularly in Mexico) and South America. A few genera are pantropical.

Most Heliantheae are herbs or shrubs, but some grow to the size of small trees. Leaves are usually hairy and arranged in opposite pairs. The anthers are usually blackened.

The above statements about the size and distribution of the tribe apply to a broad definition of Heliantheae, which was followed throughout the 20th century. Some recent authors break the tribe up into a dozen or so smaller tribes.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Uses

Commercially important plants in the Heliantheae include sunflower and Jerusalem artichoke. Many garden flowers are also in this group, such as Coreopsis, Cosmos, Echinacea, Rudbeckia, and Zinnia. Some authors separate Coreopsis and Cosmos into the Coreopsideae tribe.[1]

In contrast to the benefits brought by the group, some are problematic weeds. Species of Ambrosia (ragweed) produce large quantities of highly allergenic pollen. Each plant is reputed to be able to produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated.

Taxonomy

The traditional circumscription of the Heliantheae arises from Cassini's 19th-century classification of the Asteraceae. This broad group been divided by some authors into smaller tribes: Bahieae, Chaenactideae, Coreopsideae, Helenieae, Heliantheae sensu stricto, Madieae, Millerieae, Perityleae, Polymnieae, and Tageteae. Because the Eupatorieae originated from within the Heliantheae (broadly defined), to maintain monophyletic taxa it is necessary to either make Eupatorieae a subtribe within Heliantheae or to split the Heliantheae into smaller tribes.[2][3] Such classifications may define a supertribe Helianthodae including these smaller tribes, the Eupatorieae, and a few other tribes such as Inuleae.[4]

Subtribes and genera

Heliantheae subtribes and genera recognized by the Global Compositae Database as of May 2022:

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  • Subtribe Ambrosiinae Less.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5]
    • Ambrosia L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Dicoria Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Euphrosyne DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Hedosyne (A.Gray) StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Iva L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Parthenice A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Parthenium L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Xanthium L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Chromolepidinae PaneroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
    • Chromolepis Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Dugesiinae PaneroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
    • Dugesia A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Ecliptinae Less.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8]
    • Aspilia ThouarsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Baltimora L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Blainvillea Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Calyptocarpus Less.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Clibadium F.Allam. ex L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Damnxanthodium StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Delilia Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Dimerostemma Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Eclipta L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Elaphandra StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Eleutheranthera Poit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Exomiocarpon LawalréeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Fenixia Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Hoffmanniella Schltr. ex LawalréeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Idiopappus H.Rob. & PaneroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Iogeton StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Jefea StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Kingianthus H.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lantanopsis C.Wright ex Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lasianthaea DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Leptocarpha DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lipochaeta DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lipotriche R.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lundellianthus H.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Melanthera RohrScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Monactis KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Oblivia StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Otopappus Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Oyedaea DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Pascalia OrtegaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Pentalepis F.Muell.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Perymeniopsis H.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Perymenium Schrad.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Plagiolophus Greenm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Podanthus Lag.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Rensonia S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Riencourtia Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Schizoptera Turcz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Sphagneticola O.Hoffm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Steiractinia S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Synedrella Gaertn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Synedrellopsis Hieron. & KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tilesia G.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Trigonopterum Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tuberculocarpus PruskiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tuxtla Villaseñor & StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Wamalchitamia StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Wedelia Jacq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Wollastonia DC. ex DecneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Zexmenia La Llave & Lex.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Zyzyxia StrotherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Enceliinae PaneroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]
    • Encelia Adans.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Enceliopsis (A.Gray) A.NelsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Flourensia DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Geraea Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Helianthella Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Engelmanniinae StuessyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
    • Agnorhiza (Jeps.) W.A.WeberScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Berlandiera DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Borrichia Adans.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Chrysogonum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Engelmannia A.Gray ex Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lindheimera A.Gray & Engelm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Silphium L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Vigethia W.A.WeberScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Wyethia Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Helianthinae DumortScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11]
    • Aldama La LlaveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Alvordia BrandegeeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Bahiopsis KelloggScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Calanticaria (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) E.E.Schill. & PaneroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Davilanthus E.E.Schill. & PaneroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Helianthus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Heliomeris Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Hymenostephium Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Iostephane Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lagascea Cav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Pappobolus S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Phoebanthus S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Rhysolepis S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Scalesia Arn. ex Arn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Sclerocarpus Jacq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Simsia Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Stuessya B.L.Turner & F.G.DaviesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Syncretocarpus S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tithonia Desf. ex Juss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Viguiera KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Montanoinae H.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12]
    • Montanoa Cerv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Rojasianthinae PaneroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13]
    • Rojasianthe Standl. & Steyerm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Rudbeckiinae H.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
    • Ratibida Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Rudbeckia L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Spilanthinae PaneroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15]
    • Acmella Rich. ex Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Oxycarpha S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Salmea DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Spilanthes Jacq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tetranthus Sw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Verbesininae Benth. & Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]
    • Podachaenium Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Squamopappus R.K.Jansen, N.A.Harriman & UrbatschScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tetrachyron Schltdl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Verbesina L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Zaluzaniinae H.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17]
    • Hybridella Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Zaluzania Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Subtribe Zinniinae Benth. & Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
    • Echinacea MoenchScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Heliopsis Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Philactis Schrad.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Sanvitalia Lam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tehuana Panero & VillaseñorScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Trichocoryne S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Zinnia L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Helianthodae H. Rob. Template:Webarchive, Tree of Life Web Project
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Bibliography

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Link note
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Bremer, Kåre. (1994). Asteraceae: Cladistics & Classification. Portland, OR: Timber Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Robinson, Harold Ernest. (1981). A Revision of the Tribal and Subtribal Limits of the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany: 51.
  • Strother, John L. (1991). Taxonomy of Complaya, Elaphandra, Iogeton, Jefea, Wamalchitamia, Wedelia, Zexmenia, and Zyzyxia (Compositae - Heliantheae - Ecliptinae). Systematic Botany Monographs: 33. Template:ISBN

External links

Template:Taxonbar

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