Haplogroup R (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.[1]

Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).

Origin

Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.[2]

This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Southern Dispersal out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia.[3] It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.[4] The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from Southeast Asia.[5]

Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.[6] Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast.[1]

Archaeogenetics

The Ust'-Ishim man of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).[7][8]

Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir archaeological site in Lower Egypt, which date from the late New Kingdom of Egypt, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, and Roman Egypt.[9]

Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.[10]

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.

The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian Peninsula (0.3%).[11]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[53] and subsequent published research.

References

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External links

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Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Soares et al 2009
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  18. ↑ Template:Cite thesisScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
  19. ↑ oxfordancestors.com Template:Usurped
  20. ↑ Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R Template:Webarchive
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  22. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  25. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". in Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Figure 4 in Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Ian Logan 2009, Haplogrupo R9b, Mitochondrial DNA Site
  28. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Albert Min-Shan Ko, Chung-Yu Chen, Qiaomei Fu, et al. (2014), "Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan." The American Journal of Human Genetics 94, 426–436, March 6, 2014.
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  34. ↑ Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
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  39. ↑ Haplogroup R14, Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
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  46. ↑ Harding, Rosalind 2006, Gene tree analyses of Aboriginal Australians. Template:Webarchive University of Oxford
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ mtDNA Haplogroup U1a page at cagetti.com
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  53. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named vanOven
  54. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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