Kanchanaburi province

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Script error: No such module "Settlement short description".Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".Expression error: Unexpected < operator. Script error: No such module "Settlement short description".Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".Expression error: Unexpected < operator. Kanchanaburi (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "IPA".) is the largest province (changwat) of Western Thailand. Tourists are attracted by the history of its ancient civilization and the World War II Bridge over the River Kwai, originally spelt "Khwae" but officially changed to Kwai to accommodate the expectations of tourists.

History

Archaeological remains found in Kanchanaburi date back to the 4th century, with evidence of trade with surrounding regions at that time. Very little is known about the historical Khmer influence in Kanchanaburi, but Prasat Muang Sing, one of the country's most well-known Khmer sites, provides evidence of their occupation.

Not much was historically recorded about Kanchanaburi province before the reign of King Rama I, but some historians believe that the province was of strategic importance during the Ayutthaya period, since it was on the invasion route from Burma.[1] In 1982, many human and elephant skeletons and swords were found in Phanom Thuan district, leading to speculation that this site might even have been the site of the famous battle of King Naresuan against the Burmese crown prince, most commonly assigned to the Don Chedi district in nearby Suphanburi province.

Most foreigners are mainly aware of Kanchanaburi's recent history with the Burma Railway. During the Japanese occupation of Thailand in 1942, both allied POWs and Asian labourers were ordered by the Japanese to build a Thailand-Burma railway. Eventually, more than 100,000 people (16,000 allied POWs and 90,000 local Asian labourers) died from horrific working conditions.[2]

Geography

The province is in the west of Thailand, 129 km from Bangkok, and covers a total area of approximately Script error: No such module "convert".. It is the country's third largest province, after Nakhon Ratchasima and Chiang Mai. Topographically, it is covered with timber and evergreen forests. The total forest area is Script error: No such module "convert". or 61.5 percent of provincial area.[3] The district covers the source valleys of the rivers Kwae Yai and Kwae Noi ("River Kwai"), which merge at Kanchanaburi city to form the Mae Klong River.
The neighboring provinces are (clockwise, from the north) Tak, Uthai Thani, Suphan Buri, Nakhon Pathom, and Ratchaburi. In the west it borders Kayin State, Mon State, and the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar.
Bong Ti is a transnational border crossing point, which is expected to gain in importance if the planned Dawei deepwater port project goes ahead, along with a highway and a railway line between Bangkok and the port.[4]

National parks

Seven of the nine national parks in the mountainous areas of the Tenasserim Hills from region 3 (Ban Pong), Phu Toei and Thai Prachan national parks are not in Kanchanaburi province, form protected areas in Kanchanaburi province.[5](visitors in fiscal year 2024)[6]

Khuean Srinagarindra National Park Script error: No such module "convert".   (70,980)
Khao Laem National Park Script error: No such module "convert".   (48,599)
Thong Pha Phum National Park Script error: No such module "convert".  (123,285)
Lam Khlong Ngu National Park    Script error: No such module "convert".     (6,026)
Erawan National Park    Script error: No such module "convert". (519,235)
Sai Yok National Park    Script error: No such module "convert".   (67,698)
Chaloem Rattanakosin National Park       Script error: No such module "convert".   (27,715)

Wildlife sanctuaries

Two of three wildlife sanctuaries from region 3 (Ban Pong), Mae Nam Phachi is not in Kanchanaburi province, are the protected areas of Kanchanaburi province.

Thung Yai Naresuan West
Wildlife Sanctuary 		 Script error: No such module "convert".
Salak Phra Wildlife Sanctuary    Script error: No such module "convert".

Climate

Kanchanaburi province has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at Script error: No such module "convert".. The monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temparatures during the day, although nights remain warm. Script error: No such module "weather box".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Symbols

The seal of the province shows the three stupas on Bantadthong Mountain. They give the name to the mountain pass to Myanmar, called "Three Pagodas Pass".[7]

The provincial flower is the night-flowering jasmine (Nyctanthes arbortristis). The provincial tree is the Moulmein lancewood (Homalium tomentosum). The provincial aquatic animal is the Jullien's golden carp (Probarbus jullieni).

The provincial motto is "The ancient province. The (Three) Pagodas Pass Checkpoint, Gems of Kan, Bridge on the River Kwai. Source of minerals and waterfalls."

Demographics

Population

Population history of Kanchanaburi province is as follows:[8][9]

1947 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011 2020
140,164 233,000 321,000 518,927 697,750 734,394 838,914 891,976

Religion

There are total 613 Theravada Buddhist temples in the province.
79 in Mueang Kanchanaburi, 68 in Lao Khwan, 68 in Sai Yok, 59 in Thong Pha Phum, 55 in Tha Muang,
46 in Tha Maka, 43 in Bo Phloi, 40 in Phanom Thuan, 37 in Si Sawat, 36 in Nong Prue, 32 in Dan Makham Tia,
32 in Huai Krachao, 18 in Sangkhla Buri.[10][11]

There are 36 Christian churches and seven Mosques.

Administration

Provincial administration

Kanchanaburi is divided into 13 districts (amphoe). The districts are further divided into 107 subdistricts (tambon).[12]

File:Districts Kanchanaburi.svg
Kanchanaburi province with 13 districts
No. District Thai Pop. Subd. Villages
1 Mueang เมืองกาญจนบุรี 168,541 15 102
2 Sai Yok ไทรโยค 66,733 7 57
3 Bo Phloi บ่อพลอย 57,176 9 80
4 Si Sawat ศรีสวัสดิ์ 26,857 6 33
5 Tha Maka ท่ามะกา 131,797 17 154
6 Tha Muang ท่าม่วง 109,000 13 119
7 Thong Pha Phum ทองผาภูมิ 71,315 7 45
8 Sangkhla Buri สังขละบุรี 54,459 3 21
9 Phanom Thuan พนมทวน 52,319 12 103
10 Lao Khwan เลาขวัญ 58,587 7 90
11 Dan Makham Tia ด่านมะขามเตี้ย 33,736 4 41
12 Nong Prue หนองปรือ 31,732 3 43
13 Huai Krachao ห้วยกระเจา 34,098 4 73
Total 896,351 107 961

Local government

As of December 2024 there are: one Kanchanaburi provincial administrative organization - PAO (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and 46 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Mueang Kanchanaburi, Pak Phraek and Tha Ruea Phra Thaen are town municipalities (thesaban mueang) and 43 are subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon).[13][12]

Town municipality District Pop.
Pak Phraek Mueang 28,590
Mueang Kanchanaburi Mueang 24,624
Tha Ruea Phra Thaen Tha Maka 10,357
Subdistrict mun. District Pop.
Tha Makham Mueang 11,782
Nong Bua Mueang 7,120
Kaeng Sian Mueang 6,457
Lat Ya Mueang 5,413
Sai Yok Sai Yok 11,235
Namtok Sai Yok Noi Sai Yok 3,914
Wang Pho Sai Yok 2,120
Bo Phloi Bo Phloi 6,692
Nong Ri Bo Phloi 2,155
Khao Chot Si Sawat 4,602
Erawan Si Sawat 1,013
Tha Mai Tha Maka 8,884
Tha Maka Tha Maka 8,027
Phra Thaen Tha Maka 6,195
Nong Lan Tha Maka 4,743
Wat Niao Tha Maka 4,389
Don Khamin Tha Maka 4,299
Phra Thaen Lam Phraya Tha Maka 3,622
Luk Kae Tha Maka 3,305
Wang Sala Tha Muang 11,781
Tha Muang Tha Muang 9,351
Wang Khanai Tha Muang 9,331
Tha Lo Tha Muang 9,230
Subdistrict mun. District Pop.
Muang Chum Tha Muang 5,495
Nong Khao Tha Muang 4,857
Nong Ya Dok Khao Tha Muang 4,570
Nong Tak Ya Tha Muang 3,045
Samrong Tha Muang 1,778
Tha Khanun Thong Pha Phum 18,128
Linthin Thong Pha Phum 8,595
Sahakon Nikhon Thong Pha Phum 5,679
Thong Pha Phum Thong Pha Phum 3,052
Wang Ka Sangkhla Buri 9,769
Rang Wai Phanom Thuan 7,169
Phanom Thuan Phanom Thuan 5,082
Don Chedi Phanom Thuan 4,881
Talat Khet Phanom Thuan 3,985
Nong Sarai Phanom Thuan 3,667
Lao Khwan Lao Khwan 2,648
Nong Fai Lao Khwan 2,203
Dan Makham Tia Dan Makham Tia 2,433
Somdet Charoen Nong Prue 6,986
Nong Pla Lai Nong Prue 6,536
Nong Prue Nong Prue 4,375
Huai Krachao Huai Krachao 9,134
Salong Ruea Huai Krachao 6,536

The non-municipal areas are administered by 72 Subdistrict Administrative Organizations (SAO) (ongkan borihan suan tambon):[13]

12 Tha Maka 9 Mueang 8 Tha Muang 7 Lao Khwan 6 Bo Phloi 6 Sai Yok 5 Phanom Thuan
5 Si Sawat 4 Dan Makham Tia 4 Thong Pha Phum 3 Sangkhla Buri 2 Huai Krachao 1 Nong Prue

Population

The total population of Kanchanaburi province is 896,351, of which Mueang Kanchanaburi district is the most populated with 168,541 people. Tha Maka and Tha Muang districts also have a population exceeding 100,000 people. The remaining ten districts have populations of 27,000 to 71,000, of which Si Sawat district is the least populated district with 26,857 people.[12]

Population 2024 census
District Population Area Population density
Data Proportion km2 sq mile Proportion per km2 per sq mile
1 Mueang 168,541 18.8% 1,236 477 6.3% 136 353
2 Tha Maka 131,797 14.7% 341 131 1.8% 386 1,006
3 Tha Muang 109,000 12.2% 611 236 3.1% 178 461
4 Thong Pha Phum 71,315 8.0% 3,655 1,411 18.8% 20 50
5 Sai Yok 66,733 7.4% 2,729 1,054 14.0% 24 63
6 Lao Khwam 58,587 6.5% 831 321 4.3% 70 183
7 Bo Phloi 57,176 6.4% 967 373 5.0% 59 153
8 Sangkhla Buri 54,459 6.1% 3,349 1,293 17.2% 16 42
9 Phanom Thuan 52,319 5.8% 536 207 2.7% 98 252
10 Huai Krachao 34,098 3.8% 622 240 3.2% 55 142
11 Dan Makham Tia 33,736 3.8% 807 312 4.1% 42 108
12 Nong Prue 31,732 3.5% 502 194 2.6% 63 163
13 Si Sawat 26,857 3.0% 3,296 1,273 16.9% 8 21
  Total 896,351 100.0% 19,482 7,522 100.0% 46 119

The population density of Kanchanaburi province is 46 people per square kilometer (119 people per sq mile, of which Tha Maka district has the highest density with 386 people per square km (1,006 people per sq mile) and Si Sawat district the lowest density with 8 people per square km (21 people per sq mile)

Health

Government hospitals

There are seventeen government hospitals in Kanchanaburi provinces, of which Mueang Kanchanaburi district has two hospitals:

The other twelve districts each have a hospital, but Nong Prue, Sai Yok and Si Sawat districts each have two hospitals as an exception.

Private hospitals

There are four private hospitals in Kanchanaburi province, of which Mueang Kanchanaburi district has two hospitals:

The other two hospitals are:
in Sangkhla Buri district:

In Tha Maka district:

Health promoting hospitals

There are total 142 health-promoting hospitals in the province, of which: 22 in Mueang Kanchanaburi, 15 in Tha Maka, 14 in Tha Muang, 13 in Lao Khwan, 13 in Thong Pha Phum, 12 in Sai Yok, 10 in Bo Phloi, 9 in Phanom Thuan, 9 in Si Sawat, 7 in Nong Prue, 6 in Dan Makham Tia, 6 in Sangkhla Buri and 6 in Huai Krachao.[14]

Clinics

Around 234 clinics are in Kanchanaburi province, of which 89 clinics (38%) in Mueang Kanchanaburi district, 43 in Tha Muang, 39 in Tha Maka, 12 in Bo Phloi, 10 in Thong Pha Phum, 9 in Lao Khwan, 7 in Dan Makham Tia, 7 in Phanom Thuan, 5 in Si Sawat, 4 in Nong Prue, 4 in Sangkhla Buri, 3 in Sai Yok and 2 in Huai Krachao.[15]

Education

In Kanchanaburi province there are many educational institutions at all levels, from kindergarten to university level, both government and private.[16]

Higher education

There are four higher education institutes in the province with 12,984 students:

Vocational education

  • Total nine vocational colleges with 8,518 students.

Secondary education

  • Total 44 upper secondary schools with 18,165 students.
  • Total 115 lower secondary schools with 30,067 students.

Primary education

  • Total 332 primary schools with 90,594 pupils.

Economy

Economic output

In 2022, Kanchanaburi province had an economic output of 121.372 billion baht (US$3.500 billion). This amounts to per capita gross provincial product (GPP) of 146,600 baht (US$3,800).[17] In 2024 the total workforce was 482,596 of which 477,846 persons were employed in economic activity. In agriculture and fishery 200,207 persons (41.9%) were employed and in the non-agricultural sector 277,639 persons (58.1%).[18]

Gross Provincial Product (GPP)
  Activities Baht Percent
1 Agriculture + fishery 30,384,000,000 25.0
2 Manufacturing 29,638,000,000 24.4
3 Trade 14,320,000,000 11.8
4 Defence / publ.admin. 9,167,000,000 7.6
5 Education 6,081,000,000 5.0
6 Finance 5,002,000,000 4.1
7 Real estate 4,080,000,000 3.3
8 Construction 3,846,000,000 3.2
9 Human health 3,495,000,000 2.9
10 Transportation 3,369,000,000 2.8
11 Energy 2,933,000,000 2.4
12 Accommodation / food 2,823,000,000 2.3
13 Mining 2,375,000,000 2.0
14 Administration 1,459,000,000 1.2
15 Other service activity 732,000,000 0.6
16 Information 661,000,000 0.5
17 Pastime 546,000,000 0.5
18 Water supply 361,000,000 0.3
19 Scientific activity 100,000,000 0.1
  Total 121,372,000,000 100
Employed persons
  Activities Workforce Percent
1 Agriculture and fishery 200,207 41.9
2 Trade 89,139 18.6
3 Manufacturing 41,611 8.7
4 Accommodation and food 30,009 6.3
5 Defence and publ.admin. 29,725 6.2
6 Construction 29,061 6.1
7 Education 13,130 2.7
8 Human health 9,235 1.9
9 Other service activity 6,793 1.4
10 Transportation 6,141 1.3
11 Pastime 5,122 1.1
12 Finance 4,359 0.9
13 Mining 3,109 0.7
14 Administration 2,917 0.6
15 Energy 2,620 0.5
16 Water supply 1,714 0.4
17 Household enterprise 1,344 0.3
18 Real estate 715 0.2
19 Information 485 0.1
20 Scientific activity 410 0.1
  Total 477,846 100

Agriculture

Agriculture in Kanchanaburi province, the biggest sector of the economy, generated 30.384 billion baht (US$800 billion) or 25% of GPP with a workforce of 200,207 (41.9% of all employed persons).

Agricultural land use, Script error: No such module "convert". is 19.3% of total land of Kanchanaburi province Script error: No such module "convert".. This is divided as follows: upland rice: Script error: No such module "convert". 60%, paddy land: Script error: No such module "convert". 16%, orchard/perennial crop: Script error: No such module "convert". 10%, farmland: Script error: No such module "convert". 8% and vegetable/ornamental plant: Script error: No such module "convert". 6%.[3]

Production of the three main arable crops: sugarcane 4,391,262 tonnes, cassava 1,929,485 tonnes and rice 340,812 tonnes.[19]Template:Rp

Production of the four main vegetable crops: baby corn 104,320 tonnes, sweet corn 33,102 tonnes, leaf mustard 16,023 and Chinese kale 12,636 tonnes.[19]Template:Rp

Agricultural commodities produced in significant amounts include: oil palm 30,394 tonnes and para rubber 21,931 tonnes. Further there are: pomelo 7,608 tonnes; durian 1,248 tonnes; longan 1,002 tonnes and sweet banana 998 tonnes.[19]Template:Rp

Animal husbandry

Livestock produced included: chickens 35,073,217, ducks 722,269, swines 684,008, beef cattle 333,357, goats 123,607, dairy cattle 33,065, sheep 32,208 and buffalo 12,059.[19]Template:Rp

Fisheries

Total catch from 3,589 freshwater aquaculture companies amounted to 6,458,662 tonnes.[19]Template:Rp

Manufacturing

The second sector of the economy generated 29,638 billion baht (US$780 billion) or 24.4% of GPP with 600 registered companies and a workforce of 41,611 people (8.7%).[20]

A few of these companies are:

  • METRO M.D.F. Co.Ltd. - MDF products
  • Mitr Kasetr Industry Co.Ltd. - producing sugar
  • Pradit Co.Ltd. - sugarcane harvester parts
  • SEWT Kanchanaburi Ltd. - wiring harnasses for vehicles

Trade

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, the third sector of the economy generated 14,320 billion baht (US$377 billion) or 11.8% of GPP with 1,539 registered entities and a workforce of 41,611 (8.7%).[20]

Construction

With 932 construction entities and a workforce of 29,061 people (6.1%) contributed 3,846 billion baht (US$9.1 billion) or 3.2% of GPP.[20]

Transportation

Transportation with 242 companies and 6,141 people (1.3%) contributed 3,269 billion baht (US$86 billion) or 2.8% of GPP.[20]

Kanchanaburi's main railway station is Kanchanaburi railway station, served by the Southern Line Nam Tok Branch Line (Burma Railway).

Accommodation and food service activities

250 registered hotels, restaurants and food service activities contributed 2,823 billion baht (US$74.6 billion) or 2.3 percent of GPP, with a workforce numbering 30,009 (6.3%).[20]

Mining

92 mining companies with a workforce of 3,109 people (0.7%) contributed 2,375 billion baht (US$62.5 billion) or 2.0 percemt of GPP.[20]

In 1918, alluvial sapphire deposits were discovered near Bo Ploi. It was a major source of sapphires in the 1980s and 1990s.[21][22][23]

Kanchanaburi province is the site of Klity Creek,[24] a waterway heavily polluted by the practices of the Lead Concentrate Company. The company was ordered by a Thai court to clean up its environmental damage in 2013. To date (2019) the court ordered clean-up has been halting and ineffectual.[25]

Tourism

There were 15,073 rooms in accommodations in 2022; about 11,372,646 people which 11,289,583 Thai (99.3%) and 83,063 foreigners (0.7%) visited Kanchanaburi province and contributed 23.88 billion baht (US$628 million) to tourism revenues. Further explained: 2,961,859 tourists of which 2,897,536 thai and 64,323 foreigners; 8,410,787 excursionists of which 8,392,047 thai and 18,740 foreigners. Compared to the two previous years 2020 and 2021, the number of people decreased by 3.3 and 5.5% respectively.[26]

The Thailand–Burma Railway Centre, which gives a good introduction of the Burma Railway and its history. There are also two war cemeteries, Kanchanaburi War Cemetery and Chungkai War Cemetery.

The JEATH War Museum is located near the Thailand–Burma Railway station of Kanchanaburi. Although it is called the War Museum, the museum also houses a historical art gallery with murals and statues of historical figures and events from that region. Moreover, aside from WWII artifacts, there is also a sanctuary for stray cats, a wildlife atrium, a Miss Thailand costume museum, an archive library from the founder of the museum, the Chansiri family. The museum was inaugurated on May 11, 1987.[27] Script error: No such module "Multiple image".

Location

File:Erawan Waterfall Level 3 P1110151.JPG
Erawan Waterfall level 3
File:Khaochangphuak 06.jpg
Thong Pha Phum National Park
File:น้ำตกไทรโยคน้อย Saiyoknoi Waterfall - panoramio (1).jpg
Sai Yok Noi Waterfall, Sai Yok National Park
File:Huai Mae Khamin Waterfall Floor 1.jpg
Huai Mae Khamin Waterfall
  • Erawan National Park is a Script error: No such module "convert". national park in western Thailand in the Tenasserim Hills of Sai Yok and Si Sawat districts of Kanchanaburi province. Founded in 1975, it was Thailand's 12th national park. The major attraction of the park is Erawan Falls, a waterfall named after the Erawan, the three-headed white elephant of Hindu mythology. The waterfalls have seven tiers, and the water flows out of three spouts. Theses spouts resemble the three heads of Erawan.[28] There are four caves in the park: Mi, Rua, Wang Bahdan, and Phra That. Rising northeast of the waterfall area there is a breast-shaped hill named Khao Nom Nang.[29]
  • Thong Pha Phum National Park is a Script error: No such module "convert". national park. The park has numerous waterfalls and caves. Chok Kradin waterfall descends Script error: No such module "convert". over a cliff. Another large waterfall is Khao Yai, with three levels. Other park waterfalls include Dip Yai, Bi Teng and Huai Meuang. Khao Noi cave houses Buddha images. Khao Khat viewpoint offers a panoramic view over the park.[30]
  • Khao Laem National Park is a national park of about Script error: No such module "convert". in western Thailand, located in the northern area of the Tenasserim Hills, Kanchanaburi province. It is a part of the Western Forest Complex, a system of protected wilderness in the Dawna–Tenasserim Hills area of western Thailand. The park surrounds the Khao Laem Reservoir, with a water surface of 388 sq km (150 sq mi) in Kanchanaburi province about 340 km northwest of Bangkok. It is bisected by Road 323. The vegetation consists of mainly mixed deciduous and hill evergreen and dry evergreen forest. It is adjacent to the Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, which is situated to the northeast of Khao Laem National Park.
  • Sai Yok National Park is a Script error: No such module "convert". national park in Sai Yok District. The park, home to mountains, waterfalls and caves, is part of the Western Forest Complex protected area. The park's major attractions are its waterfalls, including Sai Yok Yai waterfall which flows into the Khwae Noi river. Sai Yok Yai Lek waterfall lies south of Sai Yok Yai along the Khwae Noi.[31] The park also contains numerous caves, the largest of which is Tham Lawa with a length of Script error: No such module "convert".. This cave complex consists of five large caverns, each containing large stalactites and stalagmites.[32] Another cave system, Tham Dao Wadueng, is Script error: No such module "convert". long and was discovered in 1972. Tham Daowadung consists of eight chambers of stalactites and stalagmites.
  • Khuean Srinagarindra National Park is a national park of about Script error: No such module "convert".. It covers the area of districts Sai Yok, Si Sawat, Thong Pha Phum, and part of Srinagarind Dam, hence the name. Its territory adjacent to the area of Sai Yok National Park, Erawan National Park, Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, and Salak Phra Wildlife Sanctuary. The park highlights include Srinagarind Reservoir and several beautiful waterfalls, such as Huai Mae Khamin Waterfall.

Human achievement index 2022

Health Education Employment Income
File:Health icon Thai.png File:Round Landmark School Icon - Transparent.svg File:Employment icon.png File:Numismatics and Notaphily icon.png
23 69 24 49
Housing Family Transport Participation
File:586-house-with-garden.svg
File:Parents, enfants, famille.png
 File:Groundtransport inv.svg File:Icon Sociopolítica y relaciones internacionales (wikiproyect, es.wp).png
4 61 56 43
Province Kanchanaburi, with an HAI 2022 value of 0.6372
is "average", occupies place 43 in the ranking.

Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.[33]

Rank Classification
  1 - 13 "high"
14 - 29 "somewhat high"
30 - 45 "average"
46 - 61 "somewhat low"
62 - 77 "low"

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Seals of the provinces of Thailand
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Klity villagers fight never-ending battle, bangkokpost.com
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Geographic location

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Template:Authority control

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