Geresh
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Script error: No such module "Distinguish".
| Geresh | ||
|---|---|---|
| diacritic, punctuation mark |
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />׳ | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />וכו׳ |
| cantillation mark | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />֜ or <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />֝ | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָאָ֜רֶץ |
| compare with apostrophes | ||
| <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />'וכו׳', 'הָאָ֜רֶץ' | ||
Geresh (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />׳ in Hebrew: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />גֶּרֶשׁ[1] or <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />גֵּרֶשׁ[2][3] Script error: No such module "IPA"., or medieval Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a sign in Hebrew writing. It has two meanings.
- An apostrophe-like sign (also known colloquially as a chupchik)[4] placed after a letter:
- as a diacritic that modifies the pronunciation of some letters (only in modern Hebrew),
- as a diacritic that signifies Yiddish origin of a word or suffix,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". (examples below)
- as a punctuation mark to denote initialisms or abbreviations,
- or to denote a single-digit Hebrew numeral
- A note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah and other Biblical books, taking the form of a curved diagonal stroke placed above a letter.
Diacritic
As a diacritic, the Geresh is written immediately after (left of) the letter it modifies. It indicates three sounds native to speakers of modern Hebrew that are common in loan words and slang: Script error: No such module "IPA". as in judge, Script error: No such module "IPA". as in measure and Script error: No such module "IPA". as in church. In transliteration of Arabic, it indicates Arabic phonemes which are usually allophones in modern Hebrew: Script error: No such module "IPA". is distinguished from Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". is distinguished from Script error: No such module "IPA".. Finally, it indicates other sounds foreign to the phonology of modern Hebrew speakers and used exclusively for the transliteration of foreign words: Script error: No such module "IPA". as in then, Script error: No such module "IPA". as in thin, Script error: No such module "IPA".; and, in some transliteration systems, also Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. It may be compared to the usage of a following h in various Latin digraphs to form other consonant sounds not supported by the basic Latin alphabet, such as "sh", "th", etc.
Loanwords, slang, foreign names and transliterations
| Loanwords, slang, foreign names, and transliteration of foreign languages | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Geresh | With Geresh | ||||||||
| Symbol | Name | Translit. | IPA | Example | Symbol | Name | Translit. | IPA | Examples |
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ג | gimel | g | Template:IPAblink | gap | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ג׳ | gimel with a geresh | j (or g) | Template:IPAblink | Jupiter, George |
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ז | zayin | z | Template:IPAblink | zoo | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ז׳ | zayin with a geresh | g, j | Template:IPAblink | Jacques, beige, vision |
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />צ | tsadi | ts | Template:IPAblink | tsunami, cats | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />צ׳ | tsadi with a geresh | ch | Template:IPAblink | chip |
Transcriptions of Arabic
There are six additional letters in the Arabic alphabet. They are Ṯāʾ, Ḫāʾ, Ḏāl, Ḍād, Ẓāʾ, and Ghayn. Also, some letters have different sounds in Arabic phonology and modern Hebrew phonology, such as Jīm.
| Distinction when transcribing Arabic[5] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Geresh | With Geresh | ||||||||||||
| Symbol | Name | Translit. | Arabic letter | IPA | Example | Symbol | Name | Arabic letter | IPA | Example | Comments | ||
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ג | gimel | g | Egyptian / Yemeni Jīm (ج) | Template:IPAblink | good | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ג׳ | gimel with a geresh | Jīm (ج) | Template:IPAblink | Al-Jazeera (Script error: No such module "Lang".) |
| ||
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ד | dalet | d | Dāl (د) | Template:IPAblink | door | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ד׳ | dalet with a geresh | Ḏāl (ذ) | Template:IPAblink | Dhu [a]l-Hijjah (Script error: No such module "Lang".) |
| ||
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ח | heth | ẖ / h, ḥ, or h | Ḥaʾ (ح) | Template:IPAblink | Non existent in English, pronounced like an "h" while contracting the pharynx | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ח׳ | heth with a geresh | Ḫāʾ (ﺥ) | Template:IPAblink | Sheikh (Script error: No such module "Lang".) | |||
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ת | tav | t | Tāʾ (ت) | Template:IPAblink | tail | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ת׳ | tav with a geresh | ṯāʾ (ث) | Template:IPAblink | ʿuthman (Script error: No such module "Lang".) |
| ||
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ס | samekh | s | Sīn (س) | Template:IPAblink | sun | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ס׳ | samekh with a geresh | Ṣad (ص) |
|
| |||
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ר | resh | r | Rāʾ (ر) | Template:IPAblink | french r | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ר׳ | reish with a geresh | Ghayn (غ) | Template:IPAblink | Abu Ghosh (Script error: No such module "Lang".) | Standard simplified: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ר׳ and <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ע׳; however, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ר׳ is proscribed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language. Another precise proscribed transcription is <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />גֿ; in some cases of established usage, a <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ג with no diacritics is used.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| The predominant pronunciation is uvular Script error: No such module "IPA"., therefore resh is spelled without geresh for that pronunciation. Other accentual variants include an alveolar pronunciation Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |||||||||||||
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ע | ayin | ’ | ʿAyn (ع) |
|
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ע׳ | ayin with a geresh | |||||||
Transliteration of foreign names
| Distinction when transcribing foreign names[6] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Geresh | With Geresh | ||||||||
| Symbol | Name | Translit. | IPA | Example | Symbol | Name | Translit. | IPA | Example |
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ד | dalet | d | Template:IPAblink | door | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ד׳ | dalet with a geresh | English voiced th | Template:IPAblink | then |
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ת | tav | t | Template:IPAblink | tail | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ת׳ | tav with a geresh | English voiceless th | Template:IPAblink | thing |
| Script error: No such module "anchor".<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ו | vav | v | Template:IPAblink | vote | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />וו or <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ו׳ (non-standard<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[*]) |
vav with a geresh or double vav |
w | Template:IPAblink | William |
- Note
- * <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ Both double-vav and vav with geresh are non-standard and inconsistently used.[7]
Yiddish origin
Some words or suffixes of Yiddish origin or pronunciation are marked with a geresh, e.g. the diminutive suffix Script error: No such module "Lang". – Script error: No such module "Lang"., e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". – Script error: No such module "Lang". (as in Yankale Bodo), or the words Script error: No such module "Lang". – Script error: No such module "IPA"., 'guys' (which is the Yiddish pronunciation of Hebrew Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'company'), or Script error: No such module "Lang". – Script error: No such module "IPA"., 'bottom-line'.
Punctuation mark
The geresh is used as a punctuation mark in initialisms and to denote numerals.
Indicating initialisms
In initialisms, the Geresh is written after the last letter of the initialism. For example: the title Script error: No such module "Lang". (literally "lady") is abbreviated Script error: No such module "Lang"., equivalent to English "Mrs" and "Ms".[8]
Denoting a numeral
A Geresh can be appended after (left of) a single letter to indicate that the letter represents a Hebrew numeral. For example: Script error: No such module "Lang". represents 100. A multi-digit Hebrew numeral is indicated by the Gershayim Template:Angle bracket.
Cantillation mark
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". As a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, the Geresh is printed above the accented letter: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ב֜. The Script error: No such module "Lang". (lit. 'a Geresh made earlier'), a variant cantillation mark, is also printed above the accented letter, but slightly before (i.e. more to the right of) the position of the normal Geresh: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ב֝. As a cantillation mark it is also called Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[1]
Computer encoding
Most keyboards do not have a key for the geresh. As a result, an apostrophe ( ', Unicode U+0027) is often substituted for it.
| Appearance | Code Points | Name |
|---|---|---|
| ׳ | U+05F3 | HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH |
| ֜ | U+059C | HEBREW ACCENT GERESH |
| ֝ | U+059D | HEBREW ACCENT GERESH MUQDAM |
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ a b Template:Cite GHG
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Webarchive issued by the Academy of the Hebrew Language state that both Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote Script error: No such module "IPA". as opposed to Script error: No such module "IPA". but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme Template:IPAslink at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound Script error: No such module "IPA"., Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also pronunciation of Hebrew Vav.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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