Foreign relations of Mongolia

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Template:Short description <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Template:Use dmy dates

File:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mongolia).jpg
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia

Mongolia has diplomatic relations with all 192 UN states, the Holy See, the State of Palestine and the European Union.[1]

Its geopolitical position is defined by its geographical location, situated between Russia and China, relying on trade with both sides. Officially, it maintains a neutral stance on international matters.[2] It has a modest number of missions abroad.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Mongolia maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Mongolia.svg
# Country Date[1]
1 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
2 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
3 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
4 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
5 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
6 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
7 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts[3]
8 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
9 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
10 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
11 File:Flag of India.svg India Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
12 File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
13 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
14 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[4]
15 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
16 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
17 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
18 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
19 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
20 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
21 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
22 File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
23 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
24 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
25 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
26 File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
27 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
28 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
29 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
30 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
31 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
32 File:Flag of France.svg France Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
33 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
34 File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
35 File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
36 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
37 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
38 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
39 File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
40 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
41 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
42 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
43 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
44 File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
45 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
46 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
47 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
48 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
49 File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
50 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
51 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
52 File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
53 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
54 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
55 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
56 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
57 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
58 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
59 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
60 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
61 File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
62 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
63 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
64 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
65 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[5]
66 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
67 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
68 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
69 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
70 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
71 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
72 File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
73 File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
74 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
75 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
76 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
77 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
78 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
79 File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
80 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
81 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
82 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
83 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
84 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
85 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
86 File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
87 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
88 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
89 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
90 File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
91 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
92 File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
93 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
94 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
95 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
96 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
97 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
98 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
99 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
100 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
101 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
102 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
103 File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[6]
104 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
105 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
106 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
107 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
108 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
109 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
110 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
111 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
112 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
113 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
114 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
115 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
116 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
117 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
118 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
119 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
120 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
121 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
122 Template:Country data Georgia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
123 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
124 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
125 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
126 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
127 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[7]
128 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
129 Template:Country data North Macedonia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
130 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
131 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
132 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
133 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
134 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
135 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
136 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
137 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
138 File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
139 File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
140 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
141 File:Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
142 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
143 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
144 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
145 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
146 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
147 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
148 File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
149 File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
150 File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
151 File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
152 File:Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
153 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
154 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
155 File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
156 File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
157 File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
158 File:Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
159 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
160 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
161 File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
162 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
163 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
164 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
165 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
166 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
167 File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
168 File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
169 File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
170 File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
171 File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
172 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
173 File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
174 File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Federated States of Micronesia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
175 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
176 File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
177 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
178 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
179 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
180 File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
181 File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
182 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
183 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
184 File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
185 File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
186 File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
187 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
188 File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
189 File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
190 File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
191 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
192 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Template:Dts[8]

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Template:Dts Template:Further information

Diplomatic relations between Egypt and Mongolia were established in 1964.[9] Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African continent.[10][11] In 2001, Mongolia sent policemen to Egypt to attend trainings sessions on anti-terrorism and the prevention of drug trafficking.[12] Mongolian President Natsagiin Bagabandi and his wife Azadsurengiin Oyunbileg paid an official visit to Egypt in April 2004, during which he invited Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to pay him a return visit in Mongolia.[13] Almost exactly one year later, Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit visited Mongolia, during which he began the planning of mutual visits of the ministers of finance of the two countries.[14]

Bilateral relations between Mongolia and Egypt Template:In lang

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 1973-11-30[1] Template:Further information

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1973. Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa, and in 2002 opened an honorary consulate in Toronto. Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ad hoc linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980. When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency and several non-governmental organizations.[15]

File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 1975-09-24 Template:Further information

In October 2001, Mexican President Vicente Fox paid an official visit to Mongolia.[16]

  • Mexico is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Seoul, South Korea and maintains an honorary consulate in Ulaanbaatar.[17][18][19]
  • Mongolia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[20][21]
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 2003-06-17[1]
  • Mongolia is accredited to Paraguay through its embassy in Brasilia, Brazil.
  • Paraguay is accredited to Mongolia through its embassy in Seoul, South Korea.
  • Mongolia signed a visa-free agreement with Paraguay on 26 September 2019.[22]
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 2021-02-24[23]
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 1987-01-27[1] Template:Further information

The U.S. government recognized Mongolia in January 1987 and established its first embassy in Ulaanbaatar in June 1988. It formally opened in September 1988. The first U.S. ambassador to Mongolia, Richard L. Williams, was not a resident there. Joseph E. Lake, the first resident ambassador, arrived in July 1990. Secretary of State James A. Baker, III visited Mongolia in August 1990, and again in July 1991. Mongolia accredited its first ambassador to the United States in March 1989. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright visited Mongolia in May 1998, and Prime Minister Enkhbayar visited Washington in November 2001. Deputy Secretary of State Richard L. Armitage visited Mongolia in January 2004, and President Bagabandi came to Washington for a meeting with President George W. Bush in July 2004. President Bush, Mrs. Bush, and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Mongolia in November 2005. It was the first ever visit of a U.S. President to Mongolia.[24][25] Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld visited in October 2005 and Speaker of the House of Representatives Dennis Hastert visited Mongolia in August 2005. Agriculture Secretary Johanns led a presidential delegation in July 2006 in conjunction with Mongolia's celebration of its 800th anniversary. President Enkhbayar visited the White House in October 2007 and the two presidents signed the Millennium Challenge Compact for Mongolia.

In 2008, the IRS presented a discussion of US Federal income tax to Director General Zorig Luvsandash from the General Department of National Taxation of the Republic of Mongolia.

In August 2011, Joe Biden made the first visit to Mongolia by a sitting U.S. Vice President since Henry Wallace toured the region in 1944.[26]

East Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg People's Republic of China 1949-10-16[1] Template:Further information
File:The seventh meeting between the heads of state of China, Russia and Mongolia in Beijing 20250902 01.jpg
Mongolian President Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh with Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Beijing, China, on 2 September 2025

In the Post–Cold War era, China has taken major steps to normalize its relationship with Mongolia, emphasizing its respect for Mongolia's sovereignty and independence. In 1994, Chinese Premier Li Peng signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation.[27] China has become Mongolia's biggest trade partner and source of foreign investment as well as the destination for 48% of Mongolian exports.[28] Bilateral trade reached US$1.13 billion by the first nine months of 2007, registering an increase of 90% from 2006.[29] China offered to allow the use of its Tianjin port to give Mongolia and its goods access to trade with the Asia Pacific region.[28] China also expanded its investments in Mongolia's mining industries, seeking to develop the country's natural resources industry.[28][29] Mongolia and China have stepped up cooperation on fighting terrorism and bolstering regional security. China is likely to support Mongolia's membership in to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and granting it observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.[28]

Template:Country data Republic of China (Taiwan) none Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

As the Republic of China did not recognize Mongolia until 1945, both countries did not exchange any diplomats between 1946 and 1949, and Mongolia recognized the People's Republic of China in 1949, there have never been formal diplomatic relations between Mongolia and the Republic of China. Until the 1990s, the Republic of China still considered Mongolia part of its territory. The Republic of China (currently on Taiwan) has not renounced claim to Mongolia as one of its provinces, primarily out of concern that such a move would be viewed as a precursor to renouncing sovereignty over all of Mainland China and Taiwan independence. In 2002 several ROC officials and government agencies passed laws and made strong statements recognizing Mongolia's sovereignty over the area (unofficially). "Outer Mongolia" was removed from the ROC's official maps and a representative office was established in Ulaanbaatar.

Citizens of the Republic of China may travel to Mongolia using Republic of China passports (as is the case for most countries except the PRC), but Mongolian visas are stapled into (and not applied directly onto) the passport and Mongolian immigration authorities stamp the stapled visa instead of the passport. This is also the case for Hong Kong visas and entry/exit stamps.

File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan 1972-02-24[1] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Japan has been a major ally of Mongolia since the advent of democracy in 1991, and remains the largest single donor. Japanese aid and loans to Mongolia between 1991 and 2003 equal $1.2 billion, equaling 70 percent of total aid and loans.

The two countries established a cultural exchange dialogue in 1974, a trade agreement in 1990, an air relations agreement in 1993, and an investment agreement in 2003. Trade between Mongolia and Japan in the first ten months of 2004 was $83.3 million. In addition, about 500 Mongolian students study in Japan.

Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj visited Japan in 2011, and the two countries made a joint announcement regarding a strategic alliance.

In 1991, Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu visited Mongolia, becoming the first to do so. Mongolian President Natsagiin Bagabandi first visited Japan in 1998. Mongolia has an embassy in Tokyo, established in 1973. Japan has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.

File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 1948-10-15[1] Template:Further information

Mongolia has an embassy in North Korea. Relations date back to 1948, when Mongolia recognised Kim Il Sung's Soviet-backed government in the North. North Korean refugees are a delicate issue between the two governments. In 2005, South Korean charity groups received from the Mongolian government an allocation of 1.3 square kilometres of land at an unspecified location 40 kilometres outside of Ulaanbaatar to establish a refugee camp.[30] However, as of November 2006, Miyeegombyn Enkhbold, Mongolia's prime minister, officially denied the existence of such camps. One scholar estimated that 500 North Korean refugees enter Mongolia each month, along with some legal migrant labourers who come under an inter-governmental agreement to work in light industry and infrastructure projects.[31]

File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 1990-03-26[1] Template:Further information

Mongolians in South Korea form the largest population of Mongolian citizens abroad.[1]. Their numbers were estimated at 33,000 as of 2008.

South Korea established an embassy in Ulaanbaatar in 1990.[32] Mongolia established its embassy in Seoul in 1991. The relationship between the two countries has been defined by the Joint Mongolia-South Korean notice made during the visit of South Korean president Kim Dae-jung to Mongolia in 1990.

South East Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia 1960-11-30[1]
  • Mongolia is accredited to Cambodia through its embassy in Vientiane, Laos.[33]
  • Cambodia is accredited to Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing, China.
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 1956-12-21[4] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Indonesia and Mongolia formally established diplomatic relations in 1956, marked by President Sukarno's state visit to Ulaanbaatar in the same year.[34]
  • For diplomatic affairs, the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Beijing, China, doubles as the Indonesian representative for Mongolia.[35] Meanwhile, Mongolia has an embassy in Jakarta and honorary consulates in Jakarta and Surabaya.[36][37]
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 1971-09-08[1] Mongolia did not present an ambassador to Malaysia for seven years due to the murder of a Mongolian citizen in the country, but later decided to appoint an ambassador in 2014.[38]
File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 1970-06-11[1] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Singapore.
  • The Embassy of Singapore accredited to Mongolia is in Seoul.
  • Around 20 Singaporeans live in Mongolia;[39] 4,804 Singaporeans visited Mongolia in 2017–2018.[40]
  • Around 250 Mongolians live in Singapore; 7,196 Mongolians visited Singapore in 2017–2018.[40]
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 1954-11-17[1] Template:Further information

The two countries established diplomatic ties in 1954.[41] Mongolia has an embassy in Vietnam. The countries signed a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty in 1961, renewed it in 1979, and signed a new one in 1995.[41] On 13 January 2003, the countries signed an 8-point cooperative document committing to cooperation between the two governments and their legislative bodies, replacing an earlier document signed in 1998.[42]

South Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan 1962-02-01[1] In December 2013 Mongolia re-established its embassy in Kabul.[43][44]
File:Flag of India.svg India 1955-12-24[1] Template:Further information
File:PM Narendra Modi and the President of Mongolia, Mr. Khurelsukh Ukhnaa witnessing the Exchange of MoUs between India and Mongolia, in New Delhi on October 14, 2025.jpg
PM Narendra Modi and the President of Mongolia, Khurelsukh Ukhnaa witnessing the Exchange of MoUs between India and Mongolia on 14 October 2025

India established diplomatic relations in December 1955. India was the first country outside the Soviet bloc to establish diplomatic relations with Mongolia. Since then, there have been treaties of mutual friendship and cooperation between the two countries in 1973, 1994, 2001 and 2004.

Russia, Central Asia and West Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 1992-02-11[1]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1992.[45]
  • Armenia is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing, China.[45]
  • Mongolia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Seoul, South Korea.
  • Mongolia is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 1992-01-22[1] Mongolia has an embassy in Astana and a consulate general in Almaty. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.

Ethnic Kazakhs make up the only significant ethnic minority in Mongolia.

File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 1992-04-22[1] Template:Further information

Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj made an official visit to Kyrgyzstan in 2012.

File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 1998-01-21[1]

In 2020, Mongolia signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar to establish political consultations between the ministries of foreign affairs of both the countries.[46]

File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 1921-11-05[1] Template:Further information
File:Vladimir Putin meeting Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh (2025).jpg
Mongolian President Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow, 7 May 2025

Relations between Mongolia and the Russian Federation have been traditionally strong since the Communist era, when Soviet Russia was the closest ally of the Mongolian People's Republic. Russia has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar and two consulate generals (in Darkhan and Erdenet). Mongolia has an embassy in Moscow, three consulate generals (in Irkutsk, Kyzyl and Ulan Ude), and a branch in Yekaterinburg. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (Russia is a participating state, while Mongolia is a partner).

After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Mongolia developed relations with the new independent states. Links with Russia and other republics were essential to contribute to stabilisation of the Mongolian economy. The primary difficulties in developing fruitful coordination occurred because these new states were experiencing the same political and economic restructuring as Mongolia. Despite these difficulties, Mongolia and Russia successfully negotiated both a 1991 Joint Declaration of Cooperation and a bilateral trade agreement. This was followed by a 1993 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation[27] establishing a new basis of equality in the relationship. Mongolian President Bagabandi visited Moscow in 1999, and Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Mongolia in 2000[27] in order to sign the 25-point Ulaanbaatar Declaration, reaffirming Mongol-Russian friendship and cooperation on numerous economic and political issues. Putin visited Mongolia in September 2024, his first trip to an ICC member country since the court issued an arrest warrant for him over war crimes related to the deportation of Ukrainian children. Despite ICC obligations to detain him, Mongolia did not publicly respond to these calls.[47]

File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria 1967-07-31[1] Ties between Mongolia and Syria were established on 31 July 1967, when both countries had socialist governments. Mongolian delegates (from the then-ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) traveled to Syria in 1978, 1982, and 1985, while Syrian (Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party) delegates visited Mongolia in 1983 and 1986.

Bilateral relations between Mongolia and Syria Template:In lang

File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan 1992-04-24[1]
  • Mongolia is accredited to Tajikistan through its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Mongolia through its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.[48]
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 1969-06-24[1] See Mongolia–Turkey relations
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
  • Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 39.7 million US$ in 2019 (Mongolian exports/imports: 0.5/39.2 million USD.[49]
  • There are around 134 Turks who live in Mongolia.
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 1992-01-25[1]
  • Uzbekistan is accredited to Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Mongolia is accredited to Uzbekistan through its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.[50]

Europe

Mongolia seeks closer relations with countries in Europe and hopes to receive most-favoured-nation status from the European Union (EU). During 1991, Mongolia signed investment promotion and protection agreements with Germany and France and an economic cooperation agreement with the United Kingdom. Germany continued former East German cooperative programs and also provided loans and aid.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union 1989-08-01[1]
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 1963-07-01[1]
  • Austria is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Vienna.
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 1971-07-08[1] The Benelux (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) is represented in Mongolia through embassies in Beijing (China). Mongolia has an embassy in Brussels.
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 1950-04-22[1] Template:Further information

Bulgaria has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Sofia. Diplomatic relations between the two counties were first initiated on 22 April 1950. Due to the similar ideological situation in both countries, their relations witnessed a steady development up until the 1990s. Bilateral relations somewhat deteriorated for the next ten years. Since 2001, they have been on a more positive track, with Bulgarian president Georgi Parvanov making an official visit to Ulaanbaatar in the summer of 2007. Until the beginning of the 1990s Bulgaria was Mongolia's 3rd biggest trading partner. Agricultural products and light industry goods were the main exports. Due to the subsequent economical and political changes in both countries the volume of trade shrank considerably. The volume of trade between Bulgaria and Mongolia totaled $2 million for 2008, with the main exporter being Bulgaria.[51]

File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 1993-03-10[7]
  • Croatia is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Mongolia is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 1973-12-19[1]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1973.[52][53]
  • Cyprus is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing, China.[54]
  • Mongolia is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.[55]
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 1993-01-01[1] Template:Further information

Diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Czechoslovakia commenced on 25 April 1950. In the 1980s, Czechoslovakia was Mongolia's second-largest trading partner, behind the Soviet Union. After the 1992 dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Mongolia reaffirmed its relations with the newly formed Czech Republic in 1993.[56] However, in the 1990s, trade volumes declined sharply, though the Czech Republic still accounts for about 1% of Mongolia's imports. The Embassy of the Czech Republic in Ulaanbaatar was formally reopened in 1999.[57] As of 2005, annual bilateral trade between the two countries was valued at US$5 million.[58] The Czech government has also been involved in various water supply development programs in Mongolia.

File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 1968-08-05[1]
File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Further information
  • France has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Paris.
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 1974-01-31[1] Template:Further information

Mongolia established ties with the Federal Republic of Germany in 1974, with embassies in Ulaanbaatar and Berlin

File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 1967-03-03[1] Greece is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing (China). Mongolia is represented in Greece through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria) and an honorary consulate in Athens.
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 1950-04-28[1] Hungary has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Budapest.[61]
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy
  • Italy has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Rome.
File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo none Mongolia does not recognize Kosovo as a country.
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 1972-03-06[1] The Benelux (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) is represented in Mongolia through embassies in Beijing (China). Mongolia has an honorary consulate in Breda.
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 1950-04-14[1] Template:Further information

Mongolia has an embassy in Warsaw and an honorary consulate in Kraków. Poland has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar and an honorary consulate in Erdenet.

File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal
  • Mongolia is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Portugal is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 1950-04-29[1]
  • The Romanian embassy in Mongolia was closed in 1995, and the Mongolian one in Bucharest in 1997.[62]
  • Romania has an honorary consulate in Ulaanbaatar, with diplomatic representation being handled by the Romanian embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Mongolia has an honorary consulate in Bucharest, with diplomatic representation being handled by the Mongolian embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.
  • Chairman Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal visited Bucharest on 9 September 1957[63] and President Nicolae Ceaușescu visited Ulaanbaatar on 21–24 June 1971.
File:Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta none[64]
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain
  • Mongolia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 1992-01-21[1]
  • Mongolia is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Poland. An embassy previously existed in Kyiv but was closed and replaced with a consular department.
  • Ukraine is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in China.
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 1963-01-23[1] Template:Further information
File:Mongolia visit by the United Kingdom Foreign Secretary David Cameron on 26 April 2024 - 28.jpg
British Foreign Secretary David Cameron with Mongolian Foreign Minister Battsetseg Batmunkh in Ulaanbaatar, April 2024.

Mongolia established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 23 January 1963.[65]

Both countries share common membership of the International Criminal Court, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Air Services Agreement,[68] a Development Partnership,[69] a Double Taxation Agreement,[70] and an Investment Agreement.[71]

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 1972-09-15[1] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
The Mongolian Consulate was established in Canberra in March 1997. An embassy was established in October 2008.[72] Sükhbaataryn Batbold became the first head of government to visit Australia in 2011.

Australia opened its embassy in Ulaanbaatar in December 2015.[73]

International organisation participation

AsDB, ASEAN (observer), ASEM, CICA, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, SCO (observer)

Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 because of repeated threats to veto by the Republic of China, which considered Mongolia to be part of its territory (see China and the United Nations).

Mongolia has been a member of The Forum of Small States (FOSS) since the group's founding in 1992.[74]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Template:Cite tweet
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Honorary Consulate of Mongolia in Mexico City Template:Webarchive
  22. ↑ Mongolia and Paraguay sign visa waiver agreement
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Montsame News Agency. Mongolia. 2006, Foreign Service Office of Montsame News Agency, Template:ISBN, p. 57
  26. ↑ Robb, Greg, "The subtleties of Biden’s trip to Mongolia" Template:Webarchive, MarketWatch, 16 August 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  27. ↑ a b c Montsame News Agency. Mongolia. 2006, Foreign Service Office of Montsame News Agency, Template:ISBN, p. 55
  28. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ South Korean embassy in Ulaanbaatar Template:Webarchive
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Элчин сайд О. Дамбийням Афганистаны Ерөнхийлөгчид итгэмжлэх жуух бичгээ барилаа (Mongolian)
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  45. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  52. ↑ of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia Template:Webarchive
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark: Mongolia Template:Webarchive
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Embassy of Mongolia in Australia Template:Webarchive
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..

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External links

Template:Foreign relations of Mongolia Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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