Dhuwal language
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Australian English Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Dhuwal (also Dual, Duala) is one of the Yolŋu languages spoken by Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory, Australia. Although all Yolŋu languages are mutually intelligible to some extent, Dhuwal represents a distinct dialect continuum of eight separate varieties. In 2019, Djambarrpuyŋu became the first Indigenous language to be spoken in an Australian parliament, when Yolŋu man and member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly Yingiya Guyula gave a speech in his native tongue.[2]
Dialects
According to linguist Robert M. W. Dixon,
- Dialects of the Yirritja moiety are (a) Gupapuyngu and Gumatj;
- Dialects of the Dhuwa moiety are (b) Djambarrpuyngu, Djapu, Liyagalawumirr, and Guyamirlili (Gwijamil).
- In addition, it would appear that the Dhay'yi (Dayi) dialects, (a) Dhalwangu and (b) Djarrwark, are part of the same language.[3]
Ethnologue divides Dhuwal into four languages, plus Dayi and the contact variety Dhuwaya (numbers are from the 2006 census.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".):
- Dhuwal proper, Datiwuy, Dhuwaya, Liyagawumirr, Marrangu, and Djapu: 600 speakers
- Djampbarrpuyŋu, 2,760 speakers
- Gumatj, 240 speakers
- Gupapuyngu, 330 speakers
- Dhay'yi (Dayi) and Dhalwangu, 170 speakers
Dhuwaya is a stigmatised contact variantScript error: No such module "Unsubst". used by the younger generation in informal contexts, and is the form taught in schools, having replaced Gumatj ca. 1990.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPA link Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link Template:IPA link |
| Low | Template:IPA link Template:IPA link | |
Vowel length is contrastive in first syllable only.[4][5]
Orthography
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Probably every Australian language with speakers remaining has had an orthography developed for it, in each case in the Latin script. Sounds not found in English are usually represented by digraphs, or more rarely by diacritics, such as underlines, or extra symbols, sometimes borrowed from the International Phonetic Alphabet. Some examples are shown in the following table.
| Language | Example | Translation | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pitjantjatjara dialect of the Western Desert language | Script error: No such module "Lang". | 'earth, dirt, ground; land' | diacritic (underline) indicates the retroflex nasal ([ɳ]) |
| Wajarri | Script error: No such module "Lang". | 'this, this one' | digraph indicating the dental nasal ([n̪]) |
| Yolŋu languages | Script error: No such module "Lang". | 'person, man' | Template:Grapheme represents the velar nasal (borrowed from the International Phonetic Alphabet) |
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Pama–Nyungan languages Script error: No such module "Navbox".