Dental and alveolar ejective stops

Template:Short description Template:Refimprove Template:Infobox IPA/core1 Template:Infobox IPA/core1 The alveolar and dental ejective stops are types of consonantal sounds, usually described as voiceless, that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨ʼ⟩, as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ⟨p‘ t‘ k‘⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions, the apostrophe represents palatalization: ⟨pʼ⟩ = IPA ⟨pʲ⟩. In some Americanist traditions, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨k̓ , k!⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨kʼ, kʼʼ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection.

In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In Hausa, the hooked letter ƙ is used for /kʼ/. In Zulu and Xhosa, whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: p t k ts tsh kr for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/. In some conventions for Haida and Hadza, double letters are used: tt kk qq ttl tts for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and zz jj dl gg for /tsʼ tʃʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza).

In Oromo /tʼ/ is written as ⟨x⟩.

Features

Features of the alveolar ejective:

• There are four specific variants of :
  • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
  • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
DahaloTemplate:Sfnp			'hair'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar ejective.Template:Sfnp
Trumai	Template:Example needed			Contrasts with alveolar ejective.

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		/ i͡atḣė /	{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Yata.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'dirt'
Amharic		/ṭəǧǧa/t'ejah/tehǧa		'calf'
Armenian	Yerevan dialect	տասը/t'asë		'ten'	Corresponds to tenuis in other Eastern dialects
Chechen		/ /		'bridge'
DahaloTemplate:Sfnp				'spider'	Apical, contrasts with laminal denti-alveolar ejective.Template:Sfnp
GanzaTemplate:Rp				'black'
Georgian		/t'it'a		'tulip'
Haida				'basket'
Kabardian		/ /	{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "тӏы.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'ram'
Kawésqar				'spicy'
Khwarshi		/t'aja		'to drop'
Lushootseed		t̕əbt̕əb		'winter wren'
Mingrelian		/t'q'ɛbi		'leather'
Navajo			or	'greetings' or 'hello'	literally 'it is good'
Nez Perce				'flat'
Ossetian	Iron	/sthaly		'star'
Quechua				'bread'
Svan		ტჷნ/tʼən		'body'

See also

• List of phonetic topics

External links

• Template:Phoible
• Template:Phoible