Demographics of Brazil

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox place demographics

Brazil had an official resident population of 203 million in 2022, according to IBGE.[1] Brazil is the seventh most populous country in the world and the second most populous in the Americas and Western Hemisphere.

Brazilians are mainly concentrated in the eastern part of the country, which comprises the Southeast, South, and Northeast. But it also has a significant presence in large cities in the Center-West and North.[2] According to the 2022 census, Brazil had 88,252,121 White people, 92,083,286 Mixed people, 20,656,458 Black people, 850,132 Asian people, and 1,227,640 Indigenous people.[3]

File:Brasil Populacao.jpg
Population density, administrative divisions and economic regions of Brazil (1977)
File:Population density Brazil 2022.svg
Map of Brazilian municipalities by population density

Population size and structure

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File:Historical population of Brazil.svg
Historical population of Brazil
File:Population of brazil.svg
Population of Brazil, 1550–2005
File:Life expectancy in Brazil.svg
Life expectancy in Brazil since 1900
File:Life expectancy by WBG -Brazil -diff.png
Life expectancy in Brazil since 1960 by gender

According to the 2008 PNAD (National Household Sample Survey), conducted by the IBGE, the Brazilian Statistics bureau, there were about 189,953,000 inhabitants in 2008.[4] As of the latest (2022) census, the Brazilian government estimates its population at 203 million.

The population of Brazil is estimated based on various sources from 1550 to 1850. The first official census took place in 1872. From that year, every 10 years (with some exceptions) the population is counted.[5]

Brazil is the seventh most populated country in the world.

  • 1550 – 15,000
  • 1600 – 100,000
  • 1660 – 184,000
  • 1700 – 300,000
  • 1766 – 1,500,000
  • 1800 – 3,250,000
  • 1820 – 4,717,000
  • 1850 – 7,256,000
  • 1872 – 9,930,478
  • 1890 – 14,333,915
  • 1900 – 17,438,434
  • 1920 – 30,635,605
  • 1940 – 41,236,315
  • 1950 – 51,944,397
  • 1960 – 70,119,071
  • 1970 – 93,139,037
  • 1980 – 119,070,865
  • 1991 – 146,917,459
  • 1996 – 157,079,573
  • 2000 – 169,544,443
  • 2010 – 190,755,799[6]
  • 2022 – 203,080,756[3]
File:Brazilian States by Population.svg
Map of Brazilian states by population

Population distribution in Brazil is very uneven. The majority of Brazilians live within Script error: No such module "convert". of the coast, while the interior in the Amazon Basin is highly remote. Therefore, the densely populated areas are on the coast and the sparsely populated areas are in the interior.

UN estimates

According to Template:UN Population the population was Template:UN Population in Template:UN Population, compared to only 53,975,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 20.7%, 69.8% was between 15 and 61 years of age, while 9.5% was 65 years or older.[7]

Year Total population
(Template:Times1000) 		Population percentage in age bracket
aged <15 aged 15–64 aged 65+
1950 53 975 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1955 62 656 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1960 72 494 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1965 84 130 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1970 95 982 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1975 108 431 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1980 122 200 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1985 136 836 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1990 150 393 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1995 162 755 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
2000 175 786 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
2005 188 479 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
2010 198 614 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
2015 207 848 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
2020 215 963 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar

Structure of the population

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Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 30.VII.2010):[8]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 93 406 990 97 348 809 190 755 799 100
0–4 7 016 987 6 779 171 13 796 158 7.23
5–9 7 624 144 7 345 231 14 969 375 7.85
10–14 8 725 413 8 441 348 17 166 761 9.00
15–19 8 558 868 8 432 004 16 990 872 8.91
20–24 8 630 229 8 614 963 17 245 192 9.04
25–29 8 460 995 8 643 419 17 104 414 8.97
30–34 7 717 658 8 026 854 15 744 512 8.25
35–39 6 766 664 7 121 915 13 888 579 7.28
40–44 6 320 568 6 688 796 13 009 364 6.82
45–49 5 692 014 6 141 338 11 833 352 6.20
50–54 4 834 995 5 305 407 10 140 402 5.32
55–59 3 902 344 4 373 877 8 276 221 4.34
60–64 3 041 035 3 468 085 6 509 120 3.41
65-69 2 224 065 2 616 745 4 840 810 2.54
70-74 1 667 372 2 074 264 3 741 636 1.96
75-79 1 090 517 1 472 930 2 563 447 1.34
80-84 668 623 998 349 1 666 972 0.87
85-89 310 759 508 724 819 483 0.43
90-94 114 964 211 594 326 558 0.17
95-99 31 529 66 806 98 335 0.05
100+ 7 247 16 989 24 236 0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 23 366 544 22 565 750 45 932 294 24.08
15–64 63 925 370 66 816 658 130 742 028 68.54
65+ 6 115 076 7 966 401 14 081 477 7.38

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Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.VIII.2022):[3]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 98 532 431 104 548 325 203 080 756 100
0–4 6 461 689 6 243 171 12 704 860 6.26
5–9 7 011 282 6 738 158 13 749 440 6.77
10–14 6 992 746 6 682 215 13 674 961 6.73
15–19 7 317 515 7 058 427 14 375 942 7.08
20–24 7 767 306 7 699 157 15 466 463 7.62
25–29 7 627 458 7 842 265 15 469 723 7.62
30–34 7 537 285 7 935 832 15 473 117 7.62
35–39 7 827 333 8 345 458 16 172 791 7.96
40–44 7 781 059 8 291 111 16 072 170 7.91
45–49 6 549 109 7 091 003 13 640 112 6.72
50–54 6 014 391 6 584 190 12 598 581 6.20
55–59 5 419 505 6 149 601 11 569 106 5.70
60–64 4 605 834 5 338 555 9 944 389 4.90
65-69 3 588 052 4 288 180 7 876 232 3.88
70-74 2 615 350 3 243 186 5 858 536 2.88
75-79 1 657 786 2 189 593 3 847 379 1.89
80-84 1 009 852 1 465 178 2 475 030 1.22
85-89 493 649 835 554 1 329 203 0.65
90-94 194 341 385 388 579 729 0.29
95-99 50 319 114 859 165 178 0.08
100+ 10 570 27 244 37 814 0.02
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 20 465 717 19 663 544 40 129 261 19.76
15–64 68 446 795 72 335 599 140 782 394 69.32
65+ 9 619 919 12 549 182 22 169 101 10.92
Census 30 July 2010
Brazil 100% European 47.73% African 7.61% Asian 1.09% Pardo (Multiracial) 43.13% Native Indigenous 0.43%
Population 0–14 45,932,294 20,460,482 2,698,639 420,952 22,055,573 295,862
Percent group 0–14 in race 24.08% 22.47% 18.59% 20.02% 26.81% 36.17%
Population 0–14 compared to racial groups 100% 44.54% 5.88% 0.92% 48.02% 0.64%
Population 15–49 105,816,285 49,381,206 8,693,350 1,178,391 46,156,227 402,079
Proportions 0–14 to 15–49 0,43407 0,41434 0,31043 0,35723 0,47785 0,73583
Age group Brazil 100% (percent of the population) European 47.73% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) African 7.61% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Asian 1.09% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Pardo (Multiracial) 43.13% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Native Indigenous 0.43% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
Population 190,755,799 91,051,646 14,517,961 2,084,288 82,277,333 817,963 6,608
0–4 13,796,158 (7.23%) 6,701,186 (7.36%/48.57%) 655,958 (4.52%/4.75%) 119,956 (5.76%/0.87%) 6,217,638 (7.56%/45.07%) 101,195 (12.37%/0.73%) 225
5–9 14,969,375 (7.85%) 6,562,558 (7.21%/43.84%) 887,209 (6.11%/5.93%) 139,543 (6.69%/0.93%) 7,279,983 (8.85%/48.63%) 99,841 (12.21%/0.67%) 241
10–14 17,166,761 (9.00%) 7,196,738 (7.90%/41.92%) 1,155,472 (7.96%/6.73%) 161,453 (7.75%/0.94%) 8,557,952 (10.40%/49.85%) 94,826 (11.59%/0.55%) 320
15–19 16,990,872 (8.91%) 7,311,734 (8.03%/43.03%) 1,264,183 (8.71%/7.44%) 177,008 (8.49%/1.04%) 8,155,126 (9.91%/48.00%) 82,500 (10.86%/0.49%) 321
20–24 17,245,192 (9.04%) 7,774,488 (8.54%/45.08%) 1,381,677 (9.52%/8.01%) 200,060 (9.60%/1.16%) 7,814,487 (9.50%/45.31%) 73,387 (8.97%/0.43%) 1 093
25–29 17,104,414 (8.97%) 7,936,115 (8.72%/46.40%) 1,443,820 (9.95%/8.44%) 202,733 (9.73%/1.19%) 7,455,402 (9.06%/43.59%) 65,104 (7.96%/0.38%) 1 240
30–34 15,744,512 (8.25%) 7,344,600 (8.07%/46.65%) 1,360,298 (9.37%/8.64%) 182,150 (8.74%/1.16%) 6,800,175 (8.26%/43.19%) 56,326 (6.89%/0.36%) 963
35–39 13,888,579 (7.28%) 6,596,137 (7.24%/47.49%) 1,175,333 (8.10%/8.46%) 152,546 (7.32%/1,10%) 5,915,773 (7.18%/42.59%) 48,167 (5.89%/0.35%) 623
40–44 13,009,364 (6.82%) 6,365,363 (6.99%/48.93%) 1,095,301 (7.54%/8.42%) 139,230 (6.68%/1.07%) 5,368,059 (6.52%/41.26%) 40,950 (5.01%/0.31%) 461
45–49 11,833,352 (6.20%) 6,052,769 (6.65%/51.15%) 972,738 (6.70%/8.22%) 124,664 (5.98%/1.05%) 4,647,205 (5.65%/39.27%) 35,645 (4.36%/0.30%) 331
50–54 10,140,402 (5.32%) 5,286,559 (5.81%/52.13%) 848,098 (5.84%/8.36%) 106,539 (5.11%/1.05%) 3,869,792 (4.70%/38.16%) 29,156 (3.56%/0.29%) 258
55–59 8,276,221 (4.34%) 4,404,057 (4.84%/53.21%) 675,404 (4.65%/8.16%) 95,149 (4.57%/1.15%) 3,076,630 (3.74%/37.17%) 24,800 (3.03%/0.30%) 181
60–69 11,349,930 (5.95%) 6,158,001 (6.76%/54.26%) 906,487 (6.24%/7.99%) 152,099 (7.30%/1.34%) 4,097,068 (4.98%/36.10%) 36,062 (4.41%/0.32%) 213
70+ 9,240,667 (4.84%) 5,361,341 (5.89%/58.02%) 695,983 (4.79%/7.53%) 131,158 (6.29%/1.42%) 3,022,043 (3.67%/32.70%) 30,004 (3.67%/0.32%) 138

Urbanization

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In Brazil, most important cities are on the coast or close to it. State capitals are also, commonly, the largest city of their states. Notable exceptions to this are Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina.

There are also non-capital metropolitan areas, for example, in São Paulo state (Campinas, Santos, Paraíba Valley, Sorocaba, Ribeirão Preto and Franca), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley), amongst others.

São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are far larger than any other Brazilian cities. São Paulo's influence in most economic aspects can be noted in a national (and even international) scale; Rio de Janeiro – partially due to its former status as the national capital – still host various large corporations' headquarters, besides being Brazil's cultural center with respect to film production and other such televised media. Brasília, the capital of Brazil, is its 3rd biggest city.

Vital statistics

Vital statistics from 1996

[9][10][11] [12]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
1994 2,571,571 908,883 2,036,542
1995 2,824,729 908,883 2,036,542
1996 2,945,425 908,883 2,036,542
1997 3,026,658 903,516 2,123,142
1998 3,148,037 931,895 2,216,142
1999 3,256,433 938,658 2,317,775
2000 169,590,693 3,206,761 946,686 2,260,075 18.8 5.6 13.2
2001 176,208,646 3,115,474 961,492 2,153,982 17.7 5.5 12.2
2002 178,499,255 3,059,402 982,807 2,076,595 17.1 5.5 11.6
2003 180,708,344 3,038,251 1,005,882 2,420,845 19.0 5.6 13.4
2004 182,865,043 3,026,548 1,025,981 2,303,139 18.2 5.6 12.6
2005 184,991,143 3,035,096 1,010,052 2,319,379 18.0 5.5 12.5
2006 187,061,610 2,944,828 1,037,504 2,134,496 17.0 5.5 11.5
2007 189,038,268 2,891,328 1,050,408 2,029,858 16.3 5.6 10.7
2008 191,010,274 2,934,828 1,074,889 2,033,038 16.3 5.6 10.7
2009 192,980,905 2,881,581 1,098,384 1,947,312 15.8 5.7 10.1 1.906
2010 195,497,797 2,861,868 1,132,701 1,852,705 15.3 5.8 9.5 1.869
2011 197,397,018 2,913,160 1,163,740 1,880,854 15.4 5.9 9.5 1.833
2012 199,242,462 2,905,789 1,172,443 1,857,921 15.2 5.9 9.3 1.801
2013 201,032,714 2,904,027 1,195,913 1,794,068 14.9 5.9 8.9 1.770
2014 202,768,562 2,979,259 1,208,587 1,832,981 15.0 6.0 9.0 1.742
2015 204,450,649 3,017,668 1,244,558 1,814,225 15.0 6.1 8.9 1.716
2016 206,081,432 2,857,800 1,288,856 1,615,077 14.1 6.3 7.8 1.692
2017 207,660,929 2,923,535 1,292,297 1,670,518 14.3 6.2 8.0 1.63
2018 208,494,900 2,944,932 1,298,579 1,684,988 14.3 6.2 8.1 1.61
2019 210,147,125 2,849,146 1,332,466 1,555,752 13.7 6.3 7.4 1.59
2020 211,242,542 2,730,145 1,524,949 1,203,324 12.9 7.2 5.7 1.57
2021 213,317,639 2,677,101 1,802,487 906,397 12.7 8.5 4.2 1.53
2022 203,080,756 2,561,922 1,524,731 1,096,284 12.9 7.5 5.4 1.6(e)
2023 204,153,622 2,537,576 1,450,421 1,147,868 12.7 7.1 5.6 1.57(e)
2024 1.47(e)

Current vital statistics

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January – November 2023 2,343,573 1,343,627 +999,946
January – November 2024 2,177,214 1,380,830 +796,384
Difference Decrease -166,359 (-7.1%) Template:IncreaseNegative +37,203 (+2.7%) Decrease -203,562
Source:[13][14][15]

Template:ChartDisplay

Template:PortGraph

Total fertility rate by regions and states

[16]

2024
region TFR
North Region 1.81
Central-West Region 1.67
Northeast Region 1.54
South Region 1.53
Southeast Region 1.45
2024
states TFR
File:Bandeira de Roraima.svg Roraima 2.02
File:Bandeira de Mato Grosso.svg Mato Grosso 1.90
Template:Country data Amazonas 1.89
File:Bandeira do Amapá.svg Amapá 1.86
File:Bandeira do Acre.svg Acre 1.87
File:Bandeira do Tocantins.svg Tocantins 1.81
File:Bandeira de Mato Grosso do Sul.svg Mato Grosso do Sul 1.80
File:Bandeira de Alagoas.svg Alagoas 1.72
File:Bandeira do Pará.svg Pará 1.70
File:Bandeira de Rondônia.svg Rondônia 1.67
File:Bandeira do Espírito Santo.svg Espírito Santo 1.64
File:Bandeira do Maranhão.svg Maranhão 1.61
File:Flag of Goiás.svg Goiás 1.60
File:Bandeira da Paraíba.svg Paraíba 1.60
File:Bandeira do Piauí.svg Piauí 1.58
File:Bandeira do Paraná.svg Paraná 1.55
File:Bandeira de Santa Catarina.svg Santa Catarina 1.53
File:Bandeira de Sergipe.svg Sergipe 1.52
File:Bandeira de Pernambuco.svg Pernambuco 1.51
File:Bandeira do Ceará.svg Ceará 1.49
File:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Sul.svg Rio Grande do Sul 1.49
File:Bandeira de Minas Gerais.svg Minas Gerais 1.46
File:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Norte.svg Rio Grande do Norte 1.46
File:Bandeira do estado de São Paulo.svg São Paulo 1.45
Template:Country data Distrito Federal 1.42
File:Bandeira da Bahia.svg Bahia 1.40
File:Bandeira do estado do Rio de Janeiro.svg Rio de Janeiro 1.32

Regional and racial differences

In some states in the North and Northeast, the fertility rate was higher than the national average in 2021. The highest rate was in Acre, with 1.98 children per woman. Other regions with high fertility include Amapá, with 1.87 children per woman, Amazonas, 1.85 in Roraima, 1.84, in Maranhão, 1.82, and Pará, 1.79.

On the other hand, São Paulo is the state with the lowest rate, 1.26 children per woman. Other states with low fertility include Santa Catarina, with 1.28, Rio Grande do Sul, 1.3, in Rio de Janeiro, 1.32 in Paraná and Minas Gerais, 1.33.

Regarding race of mothers, between 2015 and 2021, the fertility rate of all racial groups fell below replacement rate. Black fertility fell from 2.01 to 1.76, Pardo/Mixed fertility fell from 1.95 to 1.73 and white fertility fell from 1.60 to 1.55. There was no information regarding Asian fertility rates. Indigenous fertility was calculated at 3.87 children per women in 2010.[17]

Total fertility rate from 1940 to 1990

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[18]

Years 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950[18]
Total fertility rate in Brazil 5.9 5.92 5.95 5.98 6.01 6.04 6.07 6.09 6.12 6.15 6.14
File:Brasil. Censo 2022. Densidade demográfica dos estados.webp
Map of Brazilian states by population density
Years 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960[18]
Total fertility rate in Brazil 6.13 6.1 6.09 6.08 6.07 6.07 6.07 6.08 6.08 6.07
Years 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970[18]
Total fertility rate in Brazil 6.05 6 5.94 5.85 5.73 5.6 5.45 5.3 5.15 5.01
Years 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980[18]
Total fertility rate in Brazil 4.88 4.76 4.65 4.55 4.46 4.39 4.31 4.24 4.16 4.07
Years 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990[18]
Total fertility rate in Brazil 3.97 3.86 3.74 3.62 3.49 3.36 3.23 3.11 3.01 2.91
Years 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000[18]
Total fertility rate in Brazil 2.83 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.43 2.37 2.3
Years 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010[18]
Total fertility rate in Brazil 2.23 2.16 2.1 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85
Years 2011 2012 2013 2014 2018[18][19]
Total fertility rate in Brazil 1.84 1.80 1.78 1.77 1.71

Registration of vital events in Brazil has considerably improved during the past decades but is still not considered complete, especially in the northern part of the country. The Population Division of the United Nations prepared the following estimates and forecasts.[7]

Period Live births
per year 		Deaths
per year 		Natural change
per year 		CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR* Life expectancy
Total Males Females
1950–1955 2 578 000 908,000 1 670 000 44.2 15.6 28.6 6.15 135 50.9 49.2 52.6
1955–1960 2 923 000 956,000 1 967 000 43.3 14.1 29.1 6.15 122 53.3 51.5 55.2
1960–1965 3 315 000 988,000 2 327 000 42.3 12.6 29.7 6.15 109 55.7 53.8 57.6
1965–1970 3 345 000 975,000 2 370 000 37.2 10.8 26.4 5.38 100 57.6 55.7 59.6
1970–1975 3 462 000 973,000 2 489 000 33.9 9.5 24.4 4.72 91 59.5 57.3 61.8
1975–1980 3 788 000 1 035 000 2 753 000 32.9 9.0 23.9 4.31 79 61.5 59.2 63.9
1980–1985 4 006 000 1 078 000 2 928 000 28.9 8.3 22.6 3.30 63 63.4 60.4 66.8
1985–1990 3 790 000 1 079 000 2 711 000 24.4 7.5 18.9 2.95 52 65.3 61.9 69.1
1990–1995 3 547 000 1 074 000 2 473 000 22.0 6.9 15.8 2.40 43 67.3 63.6 71.2
1995–2000 3 658 000 1 052 000 2 606 000 20.6 6.2 15.4 2.21 34 70.3 66.5 74.3
2000–2005 3 370 000 1 102 000 2 268 000 17.8 5.9 13.9 2.05 27 71.9 68.2 75.8
2005–2010 3 066 000 1 149 000 1 917 000 15.4 5.9 10.5 1.81 24 73.2 69.7 76.9
2010–2015 2 975 000 1 227 000 1 748 000 13.0 5.9 9.1 1.76 19 74.8 71.2 78.5
2015–2020 2 934 000 1 338 000 1 596 000 11.8 6.3 7.5 1.63 16 76.5 73.0 80.1
2020–2025 2 763 000 1 477 000 1 286 000 10.7 6.7 6.0
2025–2030 2 585 000 1 625 000 960 000 11.7 7.1 4.6
2030–2035 2 445 000 1 781 000 664 000 10.9 7.7 3.2
2035–2040 2 318 000 1 945 000 373 000 10.3 8.3 2.0

CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Childlessness and education

The color or race of the woman and the level of education has also shown to influence the fact of not having children. In 2013, among white women aged 15 to 55 years, 41.5% had no children, while among black and brown women, the percentage was 35.8%.

The proportional difference is even greater among white women compared to black and brown 25–29 years. While the proportion among white women childless was 48.1% among black and brown women was 33.8%.

Regarding education, among women 15–49 years of age with more than eight years of schooling, 50% had no children in 2013, while among those with up to seven years of study this figure was 5%.

Schooling among women 25–29 years has shown an even greater disparity. Among the less educated, 16.3% had no children, while among the more educated 54.5% had no children. The proportion of women aged 45 to 49 without children was 8.2% in 2013 among those with less education and 15.1% among those with more years of schooling.

Census 1 August 2022

[20]

Total 100% European 43.46% African 10.17% Asian 0.42% Pardo (Multiracial) 45.34% Native Indigenous 0.60%
Population 0–14 40 129 261 16 928 202 2 931 938 96 204 19 768 271 403 008
Percent group 0–14 by race 19.76% 19.18% 14.19% 11.32% 21.47% 32.83%
Population 0–14 compared to racial groups
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 		100% 42.18% 7.31% 0.24% 49.26% 1.00%
Population 15–49 106 670 318 43 655 766 11 919 890 394 574 50 071 944 621 087
Ratio 0–14 to 15–49 0.3762 0.3878 0.2460 0.2438 0.3948 0.6489
Age group Brazil 100% (percent of the population) European 43.46% African 10.17% Asian 0.42% Pardo (Multiracial) 45.34% Native Indigenous 0.60% Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">Definition
missing]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
(percent in the race/percent in the age group)
Total 203 080 756 88 252 121 20 656 458 850 130 92 083 286 1 227 642 11 119
0–4 12 704 860 (6.26%) 5 784 444 (6.55%/45.53%) 801 774 (3.88%/6.31%) 27 148 (3.19%/0.21%) 5 951 556 (6.46%/46.84%) 139 379 (11.35%/1.10%) 559
5–9 13 749 440 (6.77%) 5 734 804 (6.50%/41.71%) 1 020 633 (4.94%/7.42%) 33 191 (3.90%/0.24%) 6 824 824 (7.41%/49.64%) 135 440 (11.03%/0.99%) 548
10–14 13 674 961 (6.73%) 5 408 954 (6.13%/39.55%) 1 109 531 (5.37%/8.11%) 35 865 (4.22%/0.26%) 6 991 891 (7.59%/51.13%) 128 189 (10.44%/0.94%) 531
15–19 14 375 942 (7.08%) 5 610 575 (6.36%/39.03%) 1 403 059 (6.79%/9.76%) 42 066 (4.95%/0.29%) 7 196 383 (7.82%/50.06%) 123 236 (10.04%/0.86%) 623
20–24 15 466 463 (7.62%) 6 076 604 (6.89%/39.29%) 1 725 800 (8.35%/11.16%) 49 540 (5.83%/0.32%) 7 500 613 (8.15%/48.50%) 112 621 (9.17%/0.73%) 1 285
25–29 15 469 723 (7.62%) 6 182 951 (7.01%/39.97%) 1 782 294 (8.63%/11.52%) 51 685 (6.08%/0.33%) 7 355 701 (7.99%/47.55%) 95 762 (7.8%/0.62%) 1 330
30–34 15 473 117 (7.62%) 6 375 027 (7.22%/41.20%) 1 747 944 (8.46%/11.30%) 56 875 (6.69%/0.37%) 7 208 525 (7.83%/46.59%) 83 594 (6.81%/0.54%) 1 152
35–39 16 172 791 (7.96%) 6 725 099 (7.62%/41.58%) 1 850 687 (8.96%/11.44%) 65 073 (7.65%/0.40%) 7 452 696 (8.09%/46.08%) 78 225 (6.37%/0.48%) 1 011
40–44 16 072 170 (7.91%) 6 827 463 (7.74%/42.48%) 1 851 159 (8.96%/11.52%) 69 575 (8.18%/0.43%) 7 253 228 (7.88%/45.13%) 69 796 (5.69%/0.43%) 949
45–49 13 640 112 (6.72%) 5 858 047 (6.64%/42.95%) 1 558 947 (7.55%/11.43%) 59 760 (7.03%/0.44%) 6 104 798 (6.63%/44.76%) 57 853 (4.71%/0.42%) 707
50–54 12 598 581 (6.20%) 5 628 210 (6.38%/44.67%) 1 403 801 (6.80%/11.14%) 56 819 (6.68%/0.45%) 5 460 379 (5.93%/43.34%) 48 764 (3.97%/0.39%) 608
55–59 11 569 106 (5.70%) 5 442 507 (6.17%/47.04%) 1 225 630 (5.93%/10.59%) 55 775 (6.56%/0.48%) 4 802 770 (5.22%/41.51%) 41 912 (3.41%/0.36%) 512
60–64 9 944 389 (4.90%) 4 851 865 (5.50%/48.79%) 1 038 306 (5.03%/10.44%) 53 220 (6.26%/0.54%) 3 965 766 (4.31%/39.88%) 34 801 (2.83%/0.35%) 431
65-69 7 876 232 (3.88%) 3 979 726 (4.51%/50.53%) 795 018 (3.85%/10.09%) 52 667 (6.20%/0.67%) 3 021 587 (3.28%/38.36%) 26 946 (2.19%/0.34%) 288
70-74 5 858 536 (2.88%) 3 072 479 (3.48%/52.44%) 571 071 (2.76%/9.75%) 50 568 (5.95%/0.86%) 2 144 482 (2.33%/36.60%) 19 686 (1.60%/0.34%) 250
75-79 3 847 379 (1.89%) 2 091 008 (2.37%/54.35%) 357 500 (1.73%/9.29%) 39 386 (4.63%/1.02%) 1 345 830 (1.46%/34.98%) 13 528 (1.10%/0.35%) 127
80-84 2 475 030 (1.22%) 1 380 516 (1.56%/55.78%) 225 159 (1.09%/9.10%) 27 271 (3.21%/1.10%) 832 790 (0.90%/33.65%) 9 171 (0.75%/0.37%) 123
85-89 1 329 203 (0.65%) 771 547 (0.87%/58.05%) 116 147 (0.56%/8.74%) 14 890 (1.75%/1.12%) 421 745 (0.46%/31.73%) 4 823 (0.39%/0.36%) 51
90-94 579 729 (0.29%) 341 266 (0.39%/58.87%) 50 582 (0.24%/8.73%) 6 520 (0.77%/1.12%) 179 016 (0.19%/30.88%) 2 319 (0.19%/0.40%) 26
95-99 165 178 (0.08%) 92 544 (0.10%/56.03%) 15 990 (0.08%/9.68%) 1 924 (0.23%/1.16%) 53 733 (0.06%/32.53%) 983 (0.08%/0.60%) 4
100+ 37 814 (0.02%) 16 485 (0.02%/43.59%) 5 426 (0.03%/14.35%) 312 (0.04%/0.83%) 14 973 (0.02%/39.60%) 614 (0.05%/1.62%) 4
0-14 40 129 261 (19.76%) 16 928 202 (19.18%/42.18%) 2 931 938 (14.19%/7.31%) 96 204 (11.32%/0.24%) 19 768 271 (21.47%/49.26%) 403 008 (32.83%/1.00%) 1 638
15-64 140 782 394 (69.32%) 59 578 348 (67.51%/42.32%) 15 587 627 (75.46%/11.07%) 560 388 (65.92%/0.40%) 64 300 859 (69.83%/45.67%) 746 564 (60.81%/0.53%) 8 608
65+ 22 169 101 (10.92%) 11 745 571 (13.31%/52.98%) 2 136 893 (10.34%/9.64%) 193 538 (22.77%/0.87%) 8 014 156 (8.70%/36.15%) 78 070 (6.36%/0.35%) 873

Migration

Summary

The United Nations reported in the International Migration Stock that 64 countries had significant emigration or immigration with Brazil in 2020.[21][22] The Migration Policy Institute defines significant migration if 1,000+ people are in the emigration or/and migration group.[23] Venezuela, Haiti, Portugal, Bolivia, and Uruguay have the most positive net migration, while the United States, Japan, Spain, Italy, and France have the most negative net migration.

Template:Row hover highlight

Country Immigrants Emigrants Net migration
Rank People Rank People Rank People
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 1 248,105 30 5,680 1 +242,425
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 2 175,251 3 154,017 3 +21,234
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan 3 62,296 2 204,814 63 -142,518
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 4 49,842 6 79,897 54 -30,055
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 5 49,289 15 28,612 4 +20,677
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 6 47,193 4 133,398 61 -86,205
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 7 39,028 5 133,244 62 -94,216
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 8 36,910 10 49,267 49 -12,357
File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 9 32,796 86 0 2 +32,796
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 10 30,537 21 14,762 5 +15,775
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 11 24,632 9 57,602 55 -32,970
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 12 22,410 1 517,519 64 -495,109
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 13 20,625 7 70,888 59 -50,263
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 14 19,596 18 18,976 28 +620
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 15 19,074 19 16,458 17 +2,616
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 16 15,664 86 0 6 +15,664
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 17 14,798 86 0 7 +14,798
File:Flag of France.svg France 18 12,138 8 65,761 60 -53,623
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 19 10,981 86 0 8 +10,981
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 20 8,700 32 4,685 14 +4,015
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola 21 8,184 86 0 9 +8,184
File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria 22 8,003 86 0 10 +8,003
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 23 6,281 11 44,175 56 -37,894
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 24 6,267 46 670 11 +5,597
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 25 5,384 22 14,628 47 -9,244
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 26 4,421 51 340 13 +4,081
Template:Country data DR Congo 27 4,375 86 0 12 +4,375
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 28 4,219 17 22,974 51 -18,755
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 29 3,957 67 130 15 +3,827
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 30 3,789 13 42,715 57 -38,926
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 31 3,505 86 0 16 +3,505
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 32 3,400 27 6,964 39 -3,564
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 33 2,968 29 6,173 38 -3,205
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel 34 2,554 25 8,673 44 -6,119
File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 35 2,459 83 13 18 +2,446
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 36 2,407 42 1,260 26 +1,147
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 37 2,195 37 2,774 32 -579
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 38 2,164 44 690 21 +1,474
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 39 2,151 20 16,345 50 -14,194
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 40 2,094 86 0 19 +2,094
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 41 2,014 14 31,568 53 -29,554
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 42 2,014 35 3,535 35 -1,521
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 43 1,956 39 2,258 31 -302
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 44 1,936 41 1,321 29 +615
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 45 1,809 86 0 20 +1,809
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 46 1,761 50 431 22 +1,330
Template:Country data Cabo Verde 47 1,516 52 301 24 +1,215
File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 48 1,338 70 105 23 +1,233
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 50 1,274 45 671 30 +603
File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau 51 1,199 86 0 25 +1,199
File:Flag of India.svg India 52 1,118 86 0 27 +1,118
File:Flag of France.svg French Guiana 54 896 16 25,729 52 -24,833
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 55 804 24 9,533 46 -8,729
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 58 728 28 6,256 43 -5,528
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 57 747 12 43,321 58 -42,574
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama 61 660 38 2,406 36 -1,746
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 62 655 40 1,889 34 -1,234
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 65 626 33 4,605 41 -3,979
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechia 68 566 43 1,150 33 -584
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 77 346 26 8,319 45 -7,973
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname 78 346 31 5,566 42 -5,220
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 86 217 23 11,800 48 -11,583
File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 88 182 36 2,841 37 -2,659
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 111 68 34 3,722 40 -3,654

Immigration

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Immigration to Brazil, by national origin, periods from 1830 to 1933
Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
Origin 1830–1855 1856–1883 1884–1893 1894–1903 1904–1913 1914–1923 1924–1933 1934–2023
Portuguese 16,737 116,000 170,621 155,542 384,672 201,252 233,650 400,000
Italians — 100,000 510,533 537,784 196,521 86,320 70,177
Spaniards — — 113,116 102,142 224,672 94,779 52,400
Germans 2,008 30,000 22,778 6,698 33,859 29,339 61,723
Japanese — — — — 11,868 20,398 110,191
Lebanese — — 96 7,124 45,803 20,400 20,400
Others — — 66,524 42,820 109,222 51,493 164,586

Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the formation, structure and history of the population in Brazil, influencing culture, economy, education, racial issues, etc. Brazil has received the third largest number of immigrants in the Western Hemisphere.

Brazil's structure, legislation and settlement policies for arriving immigrants were much less organized than in Canada and the United States at the time. Nevertheless, an Immigrant Inn (Hospedaria dos Imigrantes) was built in 1886 in São Paulo, and quick admittance and recording routines for the throngs of immigrants arriving by ship at the seaports of Vitória, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Paranaguá, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre were established. The São Paulo State alone processed more than 2.5 million immigrants in its almost 100 years of continuous operation. People of more than 70 different nationalities were recorded.

Following the trend of several other countries in the Americas, which encouraged immigration from many countries, Brazil quickly became a melting pot of races and nationalities, but being peculiar in the sense of having the highest degree of intermarriage in the world. Immigrants found a strong social and cultural tolerance toward inter-racial marriage, including large numbers of Mulattoes (European and African), Caboclos (Indian and European) and mixed European, African and Indian people, though it was not accompanied by an entire lack of racism. Correspondingly, the same mentality reflected in low psychological and social barriers regarding intermarriage between Europeans, Middle Easterners and Asians of several origins, as well as between people of different religions.

History of immigration

It is postulated that the Americas were settled by three migratory waves from Northern Asia. The Native Brazilians are thought to descend from the first wave of migrants, who arrived in the region around 9000 BC. The main Native Brazilian groups are the Tupi-Guarani, the Jê, the Arawaks and the Caraibas (Kalina or Caribs). The Tupi-Guarani nation, originally from the Paraná river basin and also one of the largest of the Native-Paraguayan nations, had spread all along the Brazilian coastline from South to North and came to be known by the Portuguese as "Os Índios da Língua Geral" ("The Indians of the General Language"); the Jê nation occupied most of the interior of the country from Maranhão to Santa Catarina. The Arawaks and the Caribs, the last ones to get in contact with the Portuguese, lived in the North and Northwest of Brazil.

The European immigration to Brazil started in the 16th century, with the vast majority of them coming from Portugal. In the first two centuries of colonization, 100,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil (around 500 colonists per year). In the 18th century, 600,000 Portuguese arrived (6,000 per year).[24] The first region to be settled by the Portuguese was Northeastern Brazil, followed by the Southeast region. The original Amerindian population of Brazil (between two and five million) largely died from disease or violence or was assimilated into the Portuguese population.[25] The Mamelucos (or Caboclos, a mixed race between Europeans and Amerindians) have always been present in many parts of Brazil.

Another important ethnic group, Africans, first arrived as slaves. Many came from Guinea-Bissau, or from West African countries – by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from the Kingdom of Kongo and modern-day Angola, Congo, Mozambique, Benin and Nigeria. By the time of the end of the slave trade in 1850, around six million slaves had been brought to Brazil–50% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas. Nowadays, there are still small immigration waves coming from the African continent. The largest influx of European immigrants to Brazil occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the Memorial do Imigrante statistics data, Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953.[26][27]

These immigrants were divided in two groups: a part of them was sent to Southern Brazil to work as small farmers. However, the biggest part of the immigrants was sent to Southeast Brazil to work in the coffee plantations. The immigrants sent to Southern Brazil were mainly Germans (starting in 1824, mainly from Rhineland-Palatinate, Pomerania, Hamburg, Westphalia, etc.) Italians (starting in 1875, mainly from the Veneto and Lombardia), Austrians, Poles, Ukrainians and Russians. In the South, the immigrants established rural communities that retain a cultural connection with their ancestral homelands. In Southeast Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italians (mainly from the Veneto, Campania, Calabria and Lombardia), Portuguese (mainly from Beira Alta, Minho and Alto Trás-os-Montes) and Spaniards (mainly from Galicia and Andalusia).

Notably, the first half of the 20th century saw a large inflow of Japanese (mainly from Honshū, Hokkaidō and Okinawa) and Levantine Christians from Lebanon (and few from Syria). These Christian Levantine immigrants were wrongly called "Turks" by many Brazilians because their original countries were still under Ottoman rule back in the period when their immigration to Brazil began. The number of actual Turks who immigrated to Brazil was in fact very small. Chinese, Taiwanese and Koreans influx became common after the 1950s.

IBGE's 1998 PME

On the other hand, in 1998, the IBGE, within its preparation for the 2000 census, experimentally introduced a question about "origem" (origin/ancestry) in its "Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego" (Monthly Employment Research), to test the viability of introducing that variable in the census[28]Template:Rp (the IBGE ended by deciding against the inclusion of questions about it in the census). This research interviewed about 90,000 people in six metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, and Recife).[28]Template:Rp To this day, it remains the only actual published survey about the immigrant origin of Brazilians.

Here are its results:[28]Template:Rp

Brazilian Population, by ancestry, 1998[28]
Ancestry %
Template:Flagicon Brazilian 86.09%
Template:Flagicon Portuguese 10.46%
Template:Flagicon Italian 10.41%
Indigenous 6.64%
Black 5.09%
Template:Flagicon Spanish 4.40%
Template:Flagicon German 3.54%
African 2.06%
Template:Flagicon Japanese 1.34%
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon Lebanese/Syrian 0.48%
Jewish 0.20%
Others 2.81%
Total‡ 133.52%

‡This is higher than 100% because of multiple answers. Many Brazilians are unaware of their ancestry, especially those whose ancestors migrated to Brazil long ago; hence the high number who declared themselves only as Brazilians.

Emigration

In the second half of the 1980s, Brazilians from various socioeconomic backgrounds started to emigrate to other countries in search of better economic opportunities.

By the 1990s, nearly 1.9 million Brazilians were living outside the country, mainly in the United States, Paraguay and Japan,[29] but also in Italy, Portugal, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Spain and Israel. Despite the surge in the phenomenon, there were no specific policies implemented by the government to encourage or discourage this emigration process.[30] Thanks to the favourable outlook of the Brazilian economy and due to the crisis that hit countries such as Japan, Portugal or the United States, emigration of Brazilian citizens stagnated – with many returning to their home country – until 2011, when 1,898,762 Brazilians were living abroad.

The 2000 Brazilian census provides some information about the high number of migrants returning to Brazil. For instance, of those who reported residing in another country less than 10 years before the 2000 census, 66.9 percent were Brazilians. If only the returning migrants (former Brazilian immigrants) are considered, 26.8 percent of Brazilians came from Paraguay, 17 percent came from Japan, and 15.8 percent came from the United States.[30]

As political unrest, increasing violence, inflation, soaring unemployment rates and an economic crisis hit Brazil, millions of citizens moved abroad starting in 2011, generating the largest emigration process ever witnessed in Brazilian history, since Brazil has historically been a land of immigrants. In 2021 more than 4.4 million Brazilians live abroad,[31] this is an increase of around 132% compared to the previous 10 years.

The largest Brazilian community abroad, comprising almost half of the diaspora, is the one in the US, where around 2,000,000 Brazilians live; they are present especially in Florida. Almost 300,000 Brazilians, hence 6.8% of all Brazilians living abroad, lived in other Portuguese-speaking countries (94% in Portugal). In the same year around 680,000 Brazilians, hence 15.5% of the Brazilian diaspora, lived in Spanish-speaking countries, with the majority found in neighbouring countries such as Paraguay and Uruguay.

Other major communities are found in countries such as the UK (220,000 Brazilians in 2021), Canada (122,500 Brazilians in 2021) Ireland (70,000 Brazilians in 2021) and Australia (60,000 Brazilians in 2021).

There are also noticeable Brazilian communities in countries once source of immigrants such as Japan (210,000 Brazilians in 2021), Italy (162,000 Brazilians in 2021), Germany (140,000 Brazilians in 2021), the Netherlands (65,000 Brazilians in 2021) and Lebanon (21,000 Brazilians in 2021). Many of the Brazilians found in these countries are descendants of the early immigrants who came to Brazil in the early 1900s.

There is also a sizeable Brazilian community in France (172,000 Brazilians in 2021), almost equally split between Metropolitan France and French Guyana.

Racial composition

File:Municípios do Brasil - Grupos étnico-raciais predominantes.png
A map of predominant racial groups by municipality. <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  White majority
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Pardo (Mixed-race) majority
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Indigenous majority
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Black majority

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Brazilians are one of the most diverse populations in the world, as a result of the crosses between peoples from three continents: the European colonizers, represented mainly by the Portuguese; African slaves; and the autochthonous Amerindians.[32] By 1500, around 2.5 million indigenous people were living in the area of what is now Brazil. It is estimated that about 500,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil, between 1500 and 1808. The Portuguese-Amerindian admixture started soon after the arrival of the first Portuguese, in 1500. The native groups underwent a demographic decline due to conflicts with colonizers and diseases. Africans were brought to Brazil as slaves, beginning in the middle of the 16th century, to work on sugarcane plantations and, later, in the gold and diamond mines and on coffee plantations.[32] Portugal remained as the only significant source of European immigrants to Brazil until 1808, when Brazilian ports were legally opened to all friendly nations.[33] From then, Brazil received increasing numbers of immigrants, mostly from Portugal, followed by Italy, Spain, and Germany. In the 20th century, Asian immigrants also starting arriving, mainly from Japan, but also from Lebanon and Syria.[32]

The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), which has conducted censuses in Brazil since 1940, racially classifies the Brazilian population in five categories: Branco (White), "Pardo" (brown), Preto (Black), Amarelo (Yellow - for people of East-Asian descent, such as Japanese, Chinese, Korean), and Indígena (Indigenous). Brazilians tend to classify themselves racially based on physical appearance, such as skin pigmentation, hair type, nose shape, and lip shape. There appears to be no racial descent rule operational in Brazil and it is even possible for two full siblings differing in color to belong to completely diverse racial categories. A 2016 survey found out that approximately 17–19% of Brazilian families have full siblings who are identified as different races. More than 80% of families with different-race siblings had one sibling identified as White and another identified as Pardo (brown). About 40% of families with one White and one non-White parent have different-race siblings.[34][35][36]

White Brazilians

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File:Mapa emigrantes italianos.png
Italian regional immigration to Brazil, which has the most people of Italian origin outside Italy. Unlike other countries with Italian immigrants, Brazil prioritized Northern Italy which it considered more developed
File:Kolonien Suedbrasilien.png
German settlements in Southern Brazil

According to the 2022 census, there were 88,2 million White Brazilians, comprising 43.5% of Brazil's population,[37] although most Brazilians have some degree of European ancestry. Descendants of Europeans are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although they are most concentrated in the south and southeastern parts of the country.[38][39] A survey conducted in 1998 by the Minas Gerais sociologist Simon Schwartzman interviewed about 34 million Brazilians, of whom nearly 20 million declared themselves white. Asked the ethnic origin of the participants of white race, a plurality pointed only Brazilian origin (53%). More than half, however, managed to point to a foreign origin: 17.2% indicated Portuguese ancestry, 16.50% Italian, 9.42% Spanish, 6.51% German and 12.32% other origins, which include Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Lithuanian, Dutch, Austrian, Swiss, French, Hungarian, Norwegian, partial distant African, indigenous, British, American Confederate, Jewish (mostly Ashkenazi, but also Sephardi including Jews from Morocco and Egypt) and Arab.[40][41] Many Whites in Brazil have some Amerindian and/or African ancestry (similarly found in European-Americans[42] and European-Argentines).[43]

Nowadays, European-Brazilians come from a very diverse background, which includes:

  • Portuguese: Most Brazilians are fully or partly of Portuguese ancestry. Portuguese settlers began arriving in 1500. Immigration increased during the 18th century and reached its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
  • Italians started arriving in Brazil in 1875, making up the main group of immigrants in the late 19th century.[44] First they settled in rural communities across Southern Brazil. In the early 20th century, they mostly settled in the coffee plantations in the Southeast, later moving to São Paulo capital to work in factories or starting their own businesses in trade, services and industry like businessman and industrialist count Francesco Matarazzo. In São Paulo, which came to be labeled an "Italian city" in the early twentieth century, Italians engaged mainly in the incipient industry and urban services activities. They came to represent 60% of the 60,000 workers employed in São Paulo factories in 1901.[45] Talian, or the Venetian dialect, is the third most spoken mother tongue in the nation.[46][47]
  • Poles came in significant numbers to Brazil after 1870. Most of them settled in the State of Paraná, working as small farmers.
  • Spaniards came in large numbers to Brazil, starting in the late 19th century. Most of them were attracted to work in the coffee plantations in the state of São Paulo.[51]
  • Ukrainians came mostly in the late 19th century. Currently they number approximately 980,000, most of whom live in a compact settlement in south central Paraná.[52]

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Mixed-race/Pardo-Brazilians

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Brazil does not have a category for multiracial people, but a Pardo (brown) one, which may include caboclos, mulatos, cafuzos (local ethnonyms for people of noticeable mixed European and Amerindian, African and European, and Amerindian and African descent, i.e., mestizos, mulattoes and zambos, respectively), the multiracial result of their intermixing (despite most of White and Black Brazilians possessing some degree of race-mixing, since brownness in Brazil is a matter of phenotype) and assimilated, westernized indigenous people.[53][54]

The Pardos make up 45.3% or 92.1 million people of Brazil's population.[55] They live in the entire territory of Brazil. Although, according to DNA resources, most Brazilians possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, less than 45% of the country's population classified themselves as being part of this group due to phenotype.[56]

Afro-Brazilians

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". According to the 2022 census, there are 20.7 million self-declared Black Brazilians, about 10.2% of the population.[55]

Although the majority of Brazilians have at least some degree of African heritage, the racial makeup of black Brazilians themselves is very mixed and most of them have a significant degree of white admixture with a minor indigenous component, the range of white admixture for Afro-Brazilians is typically between 30% and 70%; Brazilians with more than 80% of their genes coming from African ancestry are a subgroup minority.[56]

Asian/Yellow Brazilians

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". According to the 2022 census, self-declared Yellow Brazilians number 850,130, or 0.42% of Brazil's population. Yellow is the term used for people of East Asian (Japanese, Korean, Chinese).[57] In 2022, Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that there were 2 million Japanese descendants in Brazil.[58] Brazil has the largest population of Japanese descent outside Japan.[59] Japanese immigration to Brazil started on 18 June 1908, when the Japanese ship Kasato-Maru arrived in the Port of Santos, south of São Paulo, carrying the first 781 people to take advantage of a bilateral agreement promoting immigration.

There are also smaller communities of Korean people and Chinese origin.[60]

Native Brazilians

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Amerindians make up 0.8% of Brazil's population, or about 1.6 million people. Over half of them (867,000 ou 51,2%) live in the regions of the Amazon rainforest ("Amazônia Legal").[61] Millions of Brazilians possess at least one Native South American ancestor, according to a mitochondrial DNA study, but only 0.8% self-identify as indigenous, due to race-mixing.[32]

Genetic studies

Genetic studies have shown the Brazilian population as a whole to have European, African and Native American components. A 2015 autosomal DNA genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).[62]

Region[62] European African Native American
North Region 51% 16% 32%
Northeast Region 69% 16% 15%
Central-West Region 72% 15% 12%
Southeast Region 75% 15% 10%
South Region 90% 5% 5%

An autosomal DNA study (2011), with nearly 1000 samples from every major race group ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks", according to their respective proportions) all over the country found out a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component.[63]

"In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South". The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil[64]), and also public health institutions personnel and health students.

Region[63] European African Native American
Northern Brazil 68.80% 10.50% 18.50%
Northeast Brazil 71.10% 16.30% 12.40%
Southeast Brazil 74.20% 17.30% 7.30%
Southern Brazil 79.50% 10.30% 9.40%

An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a predominant degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. 'Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within each population rather than among population'.[65]

Region'[66] European African Native American
North Region 51% 17% 32%
Northeast Region 73% 16% 11%
Central-West Region 75% 15% 10%
Southeast Region 73% 17% 10%
South Region 92% 3% 5%

An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found a similar profile: "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico".[67]

Region[68] European African Native American
North Region 60.6% 21.3% 18.1%
Northeast Region 77.3% 16.1% 6.6%
Central-West Region 70.3% 19.7% 10.0%
Southeast Region 67.7% 25.0% 7.3%
South Region 91.5% 4.3% 4.2%

A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).[62]

Region[62] European African Native American
North Region 51% 16% 32%
Northeast Region 77% 16% 7%
Central-West Region 78% 14% 8%
Southeast Region 72% 19% 9%
South Region 91% 5% 4%

Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations".[69]

According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65.90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24.80%) and the Native American (9.3%).[70]

São Paulo state, the most populous state in Brazil, with about 40 million people, showed the following composition, according to an autosomal study from 2006: European genes account for 79% of the heritage of the people of São Paulo, 14% are of African origin, and 7% Native American.[71] A study from 2013 found the following composition in São Paulo state: 70% European, 20% African, 6% Asian and 4% Native American.[72] Another study focused on highly admixed populations yielded similar results.[73]

Races and ethnicities by region

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South

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According to the 2022 census, in the South Whites make up 72.6% of the population, Pardo (brown) 21.7%, Blacks 5%, 0.4% Yellow (Asian descent) and 0.3% Indigenous [74]

The South of Brazil is the region with the largest percentage of Whites. According to the 2005 census, people of Whites account for 87% of the population.[59] In colonial times, this region had a very small population.

The region what is now Southern Brazil was originally settled by Amerindian peoples, mostly Guarani and Kaingangs.[75] Only a few settlers from São Paulo were living there. This situation made the region vulnerable to attacks from neighboring countries. This fact forced the King of Portugal to decide to populate the region. For this, settlers from the Portuguese Azores islands were sent to the coast in 1617.[76]

To stimulate the immigration to Brazil, the king offered several benefits for the Azorean couples. Between 1748 and 1756, six thousand Portuguese from the Azores moved to the coast of Santa Catarina. They were mainly newly married who were seeking a better life. At that time, the Azores were one of the poorest regions of Portugal.

They established themselves mainly in the Santa Catarina Island, nowadays the region of Florianópolis. Later, some couples moved to Rio Grande do Sul, where they established Porto Alegre, the capital. The Azoreans lived on fishing and agriculture, especially flour. They composed over half of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina's population in the late 18th century.[77] The state of Paraná was settled by colonists from São Paulo due to their proximity (Paraná was part of São Paulo until the mid-19th century).

With the development of cattle in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, African slaves began arriving in large numbers. By 1822, Africans were 50% of Rio Grande do Sul's population. This number decreased to 25% in 1858 and to only 2.2% in 2015. Most of them came from Angola.[78]

After independence from Portugal (1822) the Brazilian government started to stimulate the arrival of a new wave of immigrants to settle the South. In 1824 they established São Leopoldo, a German community. Major Schaeffer, a German who was living in Brazil, was sent to Germany in order to bring immigrants. From Rhineland-Palatinate, the Major brought the immigrants and soldiers. Settlers from Germany were brought to work as small farmers, because there were many land holdings without workers.[79]

To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised large tracts of land, where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. The first years were not easy. Many Germans died of tropical disease, while others left the colonies to find better living conditions. The German colony of São Leopoldo was a disaster. Nevertheless, in the following years, a further 4,830 Germans arrived at São Leopoldo, and then the colony started to develop, with the immigrants establishing the town of Novo Hamburgo (New Hamburg).[80]

From São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, the German immigrants spread into others areas of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly close to sources of rivers. The whole region of Vale dos Sinos was populated by Germans. During the 1830s and part of the 1840s German immigration to Brazil was interrupted due to conflicts in the country (Ragamuffin War). The immigration restarted after 1845 with the creation of new colonies. The most important ones were Blumenau, in 1850, and Joinville in 1851, both in Santa Catarina state; these attracted thousands of German immigrants to the region. In the next five decades, other 28 thousand Germans were brought to Rio Grande do Sul to work as small farmers in the countryside.[81] By 1914, it is estimated that 50 thousand Germans settled in this state.

Another immigration boom to this region started in 1875. Communities with Italian immigrants were also created in southern Brazil. The first colonies to be populated by Italians were created in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul (Serra Gaúcha). These were Garibaldi and Bento Gonçalves. These immigrants were predominantly from Veneto, in northern Italy. After five years, in 1880, the great numbers of Italian immigrants arriving caused the Brazilian government to create another Italian colony, Caxias do Sul. After initially settling in the government-promoted colonies, many of the Italian immigrants spread themselves into other areas of Rio Grande do Sul seeking further opportunities.[82]

They created many other Italian colonies on their own, mainly in highlands, because the lowlands were already populated by Germans and native gaúchos. The Italian established many vineyards in the region. Nowadays, the wine produced in these areas of Italian colonization in southern Brazil is much appreciated within the country, though little is available for export. In 1875, the first Italian colonies were established in Santa Catarina, which lies immediately to the north of Rio Grande do Sul. The colonies gave rise to towns such as Criciúma, and later also spread further north, to Paraná.

A significant number of Poles have settled in Southern Brazil. The first immigrants arrived in 1869 and until 1959, it is estimated that over 100,000 Poles migrated to Brazil,[83] 95% of whom were peasants. The State of Paraná received the majority of Polish immigrants, who settled mainly in the region of Curitiba, in the towns of Mallet, Cruz Machado, São Matheus do Sul, Irati, and União da Vitória.[84]

Southeast

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According to the 2022 census, in the Southeast Whites make up 49.9% of the population, Pardo (brown) 38.7%, Blacks 10.6%, Yellow (Asian descent) 0.7% and Indigenous 0.1%.[74] The Southeastern region of Brazil is the most ethnically diverse and most populated part of the country.

Southeast Brazil is home to the oldest Portuguese village in the Americas, São Vicente, São Paulo, established in 1532.[85] The region, since the beginning of its colonization, is a melting pot of Africans, Natives, and Europeans. The Indigenous peoples of the region were enslaved by the Portuguese.

The race mixing between the indigenous females and their European masters produced the Bandeirante, the colonial inhabitant of São Paulo, who formed expeditions that crossed the interior of Brazil and greatly increased the Portuguese colonial territory. The main language spoken by these people of mixed Indian/Portuguese heritage was Língua geral, a language that mixed Tupi and Portuguese words.

In the late 17th century the Bandeirantes found gold in the area that nowadays is Minas Gerais. A gold rush took place in Brazil and thousands of Portuguese colonists arrived during this period. The confrontation between the Bandeirantes and the Portuguese for obtaining possession of the mines led to the Emboabas' War.

The Portuguese won the war. The Amerindian culture declined, giving space to a stronger Portuguese cultural domination. In order to control the wealth, the Portuguese Crown moved the capital of Brazil from Salvador, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. Thousands of African slaves were brought to work in the gold mines.

They were landed in Rio de Janeiro and sent to other regions. By the late 18th century, Rio de Janeiro was an "African city": most of its inhabitants were slaves. No other place in the world had as many slaves since the end of the Roman Empire.[86] In 1808 the Portuguese royal family, fleeing from Napoleon, took charge in Rio de Janeiro. Some 23,000 Portuguese nobles moved to Brazil. The change in region was significant, becoming more European.

After independence and principally after 1850, Southeast Brazil was "inundated" by European immigrants, who were attracted by the government to replace the African slaves in the coffee plantations. Most immigrants landed in the Port of Santos and have been forwarded to the coffee farms within São Paulo.

The vast majority of the immigrants came from Italy. Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953. The large number of Italians are visible in many parts of Southeast Brazil. Their descendants are nowadays predominant in many areas. For example, Northeast São Paulo is 45% Italian.[87]

The arrival of immigrants from several parts of Europe, the Middle-East and Asia produced an ethnically diverse population. The city of Bastos, in São Paulo, is 11.4% Japanese. The city of São Paulo is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan itself.[88]

Northeast

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According to the 2022 census, people reported as "Pardo" (brown) make up 59.6% of the population, Whites 26.7% and Blacks 13.0%.[74]

The ethnic composition of the population starts in the 16th century. The Portuguese settlers brought few women, which led to relationships with the Indian women. Later, interracial relationships occurred between Portuguese males and African females. The coast, in the past the place where millions of African slaves arrived (mostly from modern-day Angola, Ghana, Nigeria and Benin) to work in sugarcane plantations, is where nowadays there is a predominance of Mulattoes, those of African and European ancestry. In the interior, there is a predominance of Indian and European mixture.[89]

North

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According to the 2022 census, in the North Pardo (brown) make up 67.2% of the population, Whites 20.7%, Blacks 8.8%, Indigenous 3.1% and Yellow (Asian descent) 0.2% .[74] Northern Brazil, largely covered by the Amazon rainforest, is the Brazilian region with the largest Amerindian influences, both in culture and ethnicity. Inhabited by diverse indigenous tribes, this part of Brazil was reached by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 17th century, but it started to be populated by non-Indians only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The exploitation of rubber used in the growing industries of automobiles, has emerged a huge migration to the region.

Many people from the poor Northeast Brazil, mostly Ceará, moved to the Amazon area. The contact between the Indians and the northeastern rubbers created the base of the ethnic composition of the region, with its mixed-race majority.

Central-West

Template:Pie chart According to the 2022 census, in the Central-West Pardo (brown) make up 52.4% of the population, Whites 37%, Blacks 9.1%, Indigenous 1.2% and Yellow (East-Asian descent) 0.4%.[90] The Central-West region of Brazil was inhabited by diverse Indians when the Portuguese arrived in the early 18th century. The Portuguese came to explore the precious stones that were found there. Contact between the Portuguese and the Indians created a mixed-race population. Until the mid-20th century, Central-West Brazil had a very small population. The situation changed with the construction of Brasília, the new capital of Brazil, in 1960. Many workers were attracted to the region, mostly from northeastern Brazil.

A new wave of settlers started arriving from the 1970s. With the mechanization of agriculture in the South of Brazil, many rural workers of German and Italian origin migrated to Central-West Brazil. In some areas, they are already the majority of the population.

Languages

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil.[91] It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, TV and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity.

Many Amerindian languages are spoken daily in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of these communities have significant contact with Portuguese,[92] there are incentives stimulating preservation and the teaching of native languages. According to SIL International, 133 Native American languages are currently endangered. Some of the largest indigenous language groups include Arawak, Carib, Macro-Gê and Tupi.[93] In 2006, the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in the region of Cabeça do Cachorro (Northwestern region of the State of Amazonas), has adopted some indigenous languages as some of its other official languages along with Portuguese.

Other languages are spoken by descendants of immigrants, who are usually bilingual, in small rural communities in Southern Brazil. The most important are the Brazilian German dialects, such as Riograndenser Hunsrückisch and the East Pomeranian dialect, and also the Talian, based on the Italian Venetian language. There are also bilingual speakers of Polish, Ukrainian and Russian in Southern Brazil, especially Paraná. In the city of São Paulo, Levantine, Japanese, Chinese and Korean can be heard in the immigrant neighborhoods, such as Liberdade. Yiddish and Hebrew are used by Jewish communities mainly in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Brasília, Belo Horizonte and Recife as well as the Vlax Romani dialect by Romani communities all across the nation.

Religion

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". According to the IBGE census 2010[94] 64.6% are Roman Catholics; 24% are Protestants and other Christians, 8% are agnostics, atheists or have no religion, 2% are followers of Spiritism, and 1% are members of other religions. Some of these religions are Jehovah's Witnesses (1,100,000), Latter-day Saints (200,000), Buddhism (215,000), Judaism (86,000), and Islam (27,000).[95] In 2020, it was estimated that 48% were Roman Catholic; 33% Protestant; 14% irreligious; 2% Spiritist; 2% other Christian; 1% Afro-Brazilian religious; and 0.5% other.[96] In another 2020 study by the Association of Religion Data Archives, Christians made up 90.77% of the population; among Christians, 70.57% were Roman Catholic; 15.12% Protestant; 12.23% Independents, 0.12% Orthodox, and 0.09% unaffiliated Christian.[97] Kardecist spiritism was the second-largest religion practiced in Brazil as ARDA's 2020 study, with 4.83% of the population. Of its 3.03% irreligious population, 2.59% were agnostic and 0.44% atheist.[97]

Brazil has the largest Roman Catholic population in the world.[98]

Followers of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were adherents of "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists. There are 120,000 Episcopalians in 9 dioceses (Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil). Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal adherents have increased significantly.

Islam in Brazil was first practiced by African slaves.[99] The Muslim population in Brazil is made up mostly of Arab immigrants.[100]

The largest population of Buddhists in Latin America lives in Brazil, due greatly to Brazil's large Japanese population.

See also

References

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External links

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