Caló language

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Caló (Script error: No such module "IPA".; Script error: No such module "IPA".; Script error: No such module "IPA".; Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a language spoken by the Spanish and Portuguese Romani ethnic groups. It is a mixed language (referred to as a Para-Romani language in Romani linguistics) based on Romance grammar, with an adstratum of Romani lexical items,[1] through language shift by the Romani community. It is said to be used as an argot, or a secret language, for discreet communication amongst Iberian Romani. Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, and Spanish Script error: No such module "Lang". are closely related varieties that share a common root.[2]

Spanish caló, or Spanish Romani, was originally known as Script error: No such module "Lang".. Portuguese Script error: No such module "Lang"., or Portuguese Romani, also goes by the term Script error: No such module "Lang".; it used to be referred to as Script error: No such module "Lang"., but this word has since acquired the general sense of jargon or slang, often with a negative undertone (cf. Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'obscene language', lit. low-level Script error: No such module "Lang".).

The language is also spoken in Brazil, France, Venezuela, Portugal and Colombia.[3]

Some Caló expressions have been borrowed into modern Spanish jerga (slang), such as camelar (to seduce), currar (to work) and dar lache (to cringe in shame or embarrassment). [4][5]

Etymology

Script error: No such module "Lang". is the endonym of the Romani people in Iberia, and Script error: No such module "Lang". means 'the language spoken by the Script error: No such module "Lang".'. However, the Script error: No such module "Lang". are commonly known in Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries by the exonyms Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang"..

In Script error: No such module "Lang". and other varieties of Romani, Script error: No such module "Lang". means 'black' or 'absorbing all light',[6] hence closely resembling words for 'black' and/or 'dark' in Indo-Aryan languages (e.g. Sanskrit Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". 'black', 'of a dark colour'). Hence Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". may have originated as ancient exonyms.

Linguistic features

Phonology

Caló has six vowels:[2]

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link

It has the following consonant inventory:[2]

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive Template:IPA link⠀Template:IPA link Template:IPA link⠀Template:IPA link Template:IPA link⠀Template:IPA link
Affricate Template:IPA link⠀Template:IPA link Template:IPA link⠀Template:IPA link
Fricative Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Tap Template:IPA link
Trill Template:IPA link

Notable phonological features of Iberian Caló are:[2]

  • the loss of the distinction between aspirated Script error: No such module "IPA"., unaspirated Script error: No such module "IPA". and voiced Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • the merger of Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". – betacism.
  • affrication of Script error: No such module "IPA". to Script error: No such module "IPA". before the front vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". cf. Brazilian Portuguese Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Samples

Spanish Romani:

Script error: No such module "Lang".
Parable of the Sower, Luke, 8, 4–8, as published by George Borrow in 1838[7]

Compare with a Spanish version:

Script error: No such module "Lang".[8]

The Lord's Prayer

The Lord's Prayer has often been used as a parallel text:

Spanish Caló:

Script error: No such module "Lang".
Luke, 11, 2-4, Embéo e Majaró Lucas, translated by George Borrow, 1837.

Lovara Balkans Romani:

Script error: No such module "Lang".
Luke, 11, 2-4, Romani (Gypsy) New Testament: E Lashi Viasta. Ruth Modrow, 1984.

Spanish:

Script error: No such module "Lang".
Luke, 11, 2-4, Spanish Bible: Reina-Valera 1569, revised 1960.

Loans

Spanish

Many Caló terms have been borrowed in Spanish (especially as slangisms and colloquialisms), often through flamenco lyrics and criminal jargon (Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Examples are Script error: No such module "Lang". ("man/woman", from gadjo/gadji), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("boy", originally "son", also present in English as chav[9]), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("money"), Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to work"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("excellent"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("feet"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("cold"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("boy"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("silly, stupid"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("outstanding, genuine"), Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". ("god/goddess"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("demon"), Script error: No such module "Lang". orScript error: No such module "Lang". in Spain ("to steal", also present in English slang as to chaw), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to be appealing to someone"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("bed"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("eyes"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("head"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("face"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("nose"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("mouth"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("shame"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("vain"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("cheeky, soldier"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("fake"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("pretence, white lie"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("slender, graceful"), Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". ("old"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to sleep"), Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". ("house"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("house, gambling den"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to eat with great apetite"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("hit"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to defecate, to fear"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to give, to die"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to die"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to get upset"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("lame"), Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". ("crazy"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to leave", "to make oneself scarce"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to break"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("informer"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to pretend to be absent-minded"), pringar ("to get sb mixed up, to overdo"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to have sexual relations, to bother"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("little"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to flee"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("drink, to drink"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to steal"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("no way, there isn't"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("thief"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to intimidate"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to nick"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to nick"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("shut your mouth"), Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". ("fear"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("Romani person"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("Romani person"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("language of the Iberian Kale"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("money"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("drunkenness"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("myself"), and Script error: No such module "Lang". ("heart"), payo ("non-Romani person, fool, easy to cheat").[10]

Some words underwent a shift in meaning in the process: Script error: No such module "Lang". (etymologically related to Sanskrit kāma, "love, desire") in colloquial Spanish has the meaning of "to woo, to seduce, to deceive by adulation" (but also "to love", "to want"; although this sense has fallen into disuse),[11] but in Caló it more closely matches the Spanish meanings of Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to want" and "to love"). In addition Script error: No such module "Lang". and the noun Script error: No such module "Lang". can also mean either "lie" or "con".

Caló also appears to have influenced Madrid slang Script error: No such module "Lang". and quinqui, the language of another Iberian group of travellers who are not ethnically Romani. Script error: No such module "Lang"., a cant spoken by makers of agricultural equipment in a village of Segovia, also derives some words from Caló.

Catalan

To a lesser extent than in Spanish, Caló terms have also been adapted into Catalan as slangisms and colloquialisms, most of which were taken adopted from Spanish slang.

Examples are Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".; "to eat"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("boy"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to die"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to die"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("fear"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("non-Romani person"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("money"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("language of the Iberian Kale"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("prison"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to nick"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to nick"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to steal"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to steal"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to like"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to get sb mixed up, to overdo"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to leave, to make oneself scarce"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to sleep"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("drink, to drink"), ("pleb"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("shame"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("stink"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("outstanding, genuine"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("informer"), Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to get upset"), Script error: No such module "Lang". (lit. "Do a long one" fig. "to pretend to be thick/slow") and Script error: No such module "Lang". ("luck").[12][13]

Portuguese

There are a small number of words of Caló (Calão) origin and many of those are indirect loans, borrowed via Spanish.

The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Portuguese include Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA"., "man, dude", primarily in Portugal),[14] Script error: No such module "Lang". ("lad, young boy"), chunga ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), chibar-se ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), chibo ("informer"),[15] Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".,[16] generally "impact", but in this sense "sudden happiness"), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., "drunkenness"),[17] Script error: No such module "Lang". ("bad smell of feet),[18] Script error: No such module "Lang". ("to leave"),[19] Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".[20] ("crazy").[19][21]

Language maintenance

File:Caló (Spanish Romani) lessons in a public library in Barcelona.jpg
Lessons in Caló and Iberian Romani offered in a Barcelona library

There is a growing awareness and appreciation for Caló: "...until the recent work by Luisa Rojo, in the Autonomous University of Madrid, not even the linguistics community recognized the significance and problems of Caló and its world."[22] Its world includes songs, poetry and flamenco.

As Iberian Romani proper is extinct and as Caló is endangered, some people are trying to revitalise the language. The Spanish politician Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia promotes Romanò-Kalò, a variant of International Romani, enriched by Caló words.[23] His goal is to reunify the Caló and Romani roots.

Literature

In 1838, the first edition of Embéo E Majaró Lucas[24] translated by George Borrow was published and began to be distributed in Madrid. This was Borrow's translation of the Gospel of Luke into Caló.[25] A revision of this was printed in 1872.

See also

References

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External links

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d Adiego, I. Un vocabulario español-gitano del Marqués de Sentmenat (1697–1762) Ediciones Universitat de Barcelona (2002) Template:ISBN
  3. ↑ Caló language and alphabet - Omniglot
  4. ↑ Spanish slang dictionary
  5. ↑ The conversation (in Spanish):Camelar, currar y dar lache: las palabras del caló en el español
  6. ↑ Glosbe 2013, Dictionary/Romany-English Dictionary/kalo (23 September 2016).
  7. ↑ Biblia en acción, JORGE BORROW: Un inglés al encuentro de lo Español.
  8. ↑ Traducción de dominio público abierta a mejoras derived from the World English Bible.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Lang"., vol. II, p. 39. Joan Corominas, Francke Verlag, Bern, 1954. Template:ISBN.
  10. ↑ Aportacions gitanes al castellà Template:Webarchive.
  11. ↑ camelar in the Diccionario de la Real Academia,
  12. ↑ Aportacions gitanes al català Template:Webarchive
  13. ↑ El català dels gitanos. Caçadors de Paraules (TV3, edu3.cat).
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Suplemento do léxico cigano. Mundo Cigano.
  22. ↑ The Responsibility of Linguist and the Basque Case Template:Webarchive
  23. ↑ "Unión Romaní imparte el primer curso de romanò-kalò", Union Romani, 29 December 2006
  24. ↑ Embéo e Majaró Lucas by George Borrow at Project Gutenberg.
  25. ↑ Embéo E Majaró Lucas - further details are given in the page on the website of the George Borrow Society.
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