Bender, Moldova

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Bender (Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Moldovan Cyrillic) or Bendery (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx), also known as Tighina, is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under de facto control of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) (PMR) since 1992. It is located on the western bank of the river Dniester in the historical region of Bessarabia.

Together with its suburb Proteagailovca, the city forms a municipality, which is separate from Transnistria (as an administrative unit of Moldova) according to Moldovan law. Bender is located in the buffer zone established at the end of the 1992 War of Transnistria. While the Joint Control Commission has overriding powers in the city, Transnistria has de facto administrative control.

The fortress of Tighina was one of the important historic fortresses of the Principality of Moldova until 1812.

Name

First mentioned in 1408 as Tyagyanyakyacha (Template:Langx) in a document in Old Slavonic (the term has Cuman origins[1]), the town was known in the Middle Ages as Tighina in Romanian from Moldavian sources and later as Bender in Ottoman sources. The fortress and the city were called Bender for most of the time they were a rayah of the Ottomans (1538–1812), and during most of the time they belonged to the Russian Empire (1828–1917). They were known as Tighina (Script error: No such module "IPA".) in the Principality of Moldavia, in the early part of the Russian Empire period (1812–1828), and during the time the city belonged to Romania (1918–1940; 1941–1944).

File:Cetatea Tighina.JPG
The fortress of Bender on a Moldovan stamp

The city is part of the historical region of Bessarabia. During the Soviet period the city was known in the Moldavian SSR as Bender in Romanian, written Script error: No such module "Lang". with the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet, as Bendery (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Russian and Bendery (Бенде́ри) in Ukrainian. Today the city is officially named Bender, but both Bender and Tighina are in use.[2]

History

The town was first mentioned as an important customs post in a commerce grant issued by the Moldavian voivode Alexander the Good to the merchants of Lviv on 8 October 1408. The name "Tighina" is found in documents from the second half of the 15th century. Genoese merchants used to call the town Teghenaccio.[3] The town was the main Moldavian customs point on the commercial road linking the country to the Crimean Khanate.[4] During his reign of Moldavia, Stephen III had a small wooden fort built in the town to defend the settlement from Tatar raids.[5]

In 1538, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the town from Moldavia, and renamed it Bender. Its fortifications were developed into a full fortress under the same name under the supervision of the Turkish architect Koji Mimar Sinan. The Ottomans used it to keep the pressure on Moldavia. At the end of the 16th century several unsuccessful attempts to retake the fortress were made: in the summer of 1574 Prince John III the Terrible led a siege on the fortress, as did Michael the Brave in 1595 and 1600. About the same time the fortress was attacked by Zaporozhian Cossacks. Template:Scalable image In the 18th century, the fort's area was expanded and modernized by the prince of Moldavia Antioh Cantemir, who carried out these works under Ottoman supervision.

On 5 April 1710 the Bender Constitution (more commonly known as the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk) was accepted in Bender.[6] It established the principle of the separation of powers in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches almost 40 years before the publication of Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws.

File:Charlex XII at Bender crop.jpg
King Charles XII of Sweden at Bender

In 1713, the fortress, the town, and the neighboring village of Varnița were the site of skirmishes between Charles XII of Sweden, who had taken refuge there with the Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa after his defeat in the Battle of Poltava in 1709, and the Turks who wished to enforce the departure of the Swedish king.[7]

During the second half of the 18th century, the fortress fell three times to the Russians during the Russo-Turkish Wars (in 1770, 1789, and in 1806 without a fight).

Along with Bessarabia, the city was annexed to the Russian Empire in 1812,[8] and remained part of the Russian Governorate of Bessarabia until 1917. Many Ukrainians, Russians and Jews settled in or around Bender, and the town quickly became predominantly Russian-speaking. By 1897, speakers of Romanian made up only around 7% of Bender's population, while 33.4% were Jews.[9]

Tighina was part of the Moldavian Democratic Republic in 1917–1918, and after 1918, following the Union of Bessarabia with Romania, the city belonged to the Kingdom of Romania, where it was the seat of Tighina County. In 1918, it was shortly controlled by the Odesa Soviet Republic which was driven out by the Romanian army. The local population was critical of Romanian authorities; pro-Soviet separatism remained popular.[10] On Easter Day, 1919, the bridge over the Dniester River was blown up by the French Army in order to block the Bolsheviks from coming to the city.[11] In the same year, there was a pro-Soviet uprising in Bender, attempting to attach the city to the newly founded Soviet Union. Several hundred communist workers and Red Army members from Bessarabia, headed by Template:Ill, seized control in Bender on 27 May. However, the uprising was crushed on the same day by the Romanian army.

File:Талмуд-тора.jpg
Jewish school in Tighina, 1937. The portrait of king Carol II of Romania is also visible
File:Базар, Бендеры, 1938 год.jpg
Market in Tighina in 1938

Romania launched a policy of Romanianization and the use of Russian was now discouraged and in certain cases restricted. In Bender, however, Russian continued to be the city's most widely spoken language, being native to 53% of its residents in 1930. Although their share had doubled, Romanian-speakers made up only 15%.[12]

File:Interbelic Tighina CoA.png
Interwar period coat of arms of Tighina within the Kingdom of Romania

Along with Bessarabia, the city was occupied by the Soviet Union on 28 June 1940, following an ultimatum. In the course of World War II, it was retaken by Romania in July 1941 (under which a treaty regarding the occupation of Transnistria was signed a month later), and again by the USSR in August 1944. Most of the city's Jews were killed during the Holocaust, although Bender continued to have a significant Jewish community until most emigrated after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Jews were deported to Transnistria by the Romanian authorities in 1941, where a large majority of them died.[13]

In 1940–1941 and from 1944 to 1991 it was one of the four "republican cities", not subordinated to a district, of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union. Since 1991, the city has been disputed between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria. Due to the city's key strategic location on the right bank of the Dniester river, Script error: No such module "convert". from left-bank Tiraspol, Bender saw the heaviest fighting of the 1992 War of Transnistria during the Battle of Bender. Since then, it is controlled by Transnistrian authorities, although it has been formally in the demilitarized zone established at the end of the conflict.

Moldovan authorities control the commune of Varnița, a suburb on the fringe of the city to the north. Transnistrian authorities control the suburban communes of Proteagailovca, which borders the city to the west and Gîsca, which borders the city to the south-west. They also control Chițcani and Cremenciug, further to the south-east, while Moldovans are in control of Copanca, further to the south-east.

Administration

Nikolai Gliga is the head of the state administration of Bender since 2015Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..

List of Heads of the state administration of Bender

  • Tom Zenovich (1995 ~ 30 October 2001[14])
  • Aleksandr Posudnevsky (30 October 2001[15] ~ 11 January 2007[16])
  • Vyacheslav Kogut (11 January 2007[17] ~ 5 January 2012)
  • Aleksandr Moskalyov, acting Head of Administration (5 January 2012[18] ~ 9 February 2012)
  • Valery Kernichuk (9 February 2012[19] ~ 15 November 2012[20])
  • Yuriy Gervazyuk (24 January 2013[21] ~ 18 March 2015)
  • Lada Delibalt (20 March 2015[22] ~ 7 April 2015[23])
  • Nikolai Gliga (7 April 2015[24] ~ )

Climate

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People and culture

Demographics

In 1920, the population of Bender was approximately 26,000. At that time, one third of the population was Jewish. One third of the population was Romanian. Germans, Russians, and Bulgarians were also mixed into the population during that time.[11]

At the 2004 Census, the city had a population of 100,169, of which the city itself 97,027, and the commune of Proteagailovca, 3,142.[25]

Ethnic composition
Ethnic group 1930 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2004 census[25]
the city
itself		 Proteagailovca The
municipality		 %
Russians 15,116 N/A N/A N/A 57,800 41,949 1,482 43,431 43.35%
Moldovans1 - N/A N/A N/A 41,400 24,313 756 25,069 25.03%
Romanians1 5,464 N/A N/A N/A - 61 0-5 61-66 0.06%
Ukrainians2 - N/A N/A N/A 25,100 17,348 658 18,006 17.98%
Ruthenians2 1,349 N/A N/A N/A - - - - -
Bulgarians 170 N/A N/A N/A 3,800 3,001 163 3,164 3.16%
Gagauzians 40 N/A N/A N/A 1,600 1,066 25 1,091 1.09%
Jews 8,279 N/A N/A N/A - 383 2 385 0.38%
Germans 243 N/A N/A - - 258 6 264 0.26%
Poles 309 N/A N/A N/A - 190 0-12 190-202 0.20%
Armenians 46 N/A N/A N/A - 173 0-16 173-189 0.18%
Roma 24 N/A N/A N/A - 132 0-5 132-137 0.13%
Belarusians 188 N/A N/A N/A - 713 19 732 0.73%
others N/A N/A N/A 8,300 7,440 0-31 7,440-7,471 7.44%
non-declared 51 N/A N/A - N/A
Greeks 37 N/A N/A - N/A
Hungarians 24 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Serbs, Croats, Slovenes 22 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Czechs, Slovaks 19 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Turks 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Albanians 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total 31,384[26] 43,000 72,300 101,292[27] 138,000[28] 97,027[29] 3,142[29] 100,169 100%

Note: 1 Since the independence of Moldova, there has been ongoing controversy over whether Romanians and Moldovans should be counted officially as the same ethnic group or not. At the census, every citizen could only declare one nationality. Consequently, one could not declare oneself both Moldovan and Romanian.

Note: 2 The Ukrainian population of Bessarabia was counted in the past as "Ruthenians"

Native language
Language 1930 census 2004 census
Russian 16,566 N/A
Yiddish 8,117 N/A
Romanian 4,718 N/A
Ukrainian 1,286 N/A
German 225 N/A
Polish 219 N/A
Bulgarian 78 N/A
Turkish 26 N/A
Greek 21 N/A
Hungarian 20 N/A
Romani languages 16 N/A
Czech, Slovak 14 N/A
Armenian 11 N/A
Serbo-Croatian, Slovene 8 N/A
Albanian 2 N/A
other 11 N/A
non-declared 46 N/A
Total 31,384[26] 100,169

Population dynamics by years: [30] [31]

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Media

Sport

FC Tighina is the city's professional football club, formerly playing in the top Moldovan football league, the Divizia Națională, before being relegated.

Notable people

File:Tamara Buciuceanu (1).jpg
Tamara Buciuceanu
File:Nicolai Lilin.jpg
Nicolai Lilin

Sport

International relations

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Twin towns – Sister cities

Bender is twinned with:

Gallery

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ History of Bender on the Official website of Republic of Moldova Template:Webarchive: "trecătoare" înseamnă în limba cumană Tighina
  2. ↑ Template:In lang "Cetatea Tighina" Template:Webarchive on Monument.md
  3. ↑ Poștarencu, D. Din istoria Tighinei, 1992, p. 84.
  4. ↑ Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Cernăuți, 1923, reprint Chișinău, Cartea Moldovenească, 1991, p.76
  5. ↑ "Bender fortress" Template:Webarchive on Moldova.md
  6. ↑ "The First Constitution of Ukraine (5 April 1710)", Harvard Ukrainian Studies
  7. ↑ Charles XII of Sweden first took refuge in a Moldavian house in the town, then moved to a house specially built for him in Varnița. cf. Ion Nistor, Ibidem, p.140
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ See Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of the Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), p. 129, 131-132, 199, 201.
  14. ↑ Template:In lang Olvia Press News Agency Template:Webarchive
  15. ↑ Template:In lang Olvia Press News Agency Template:Webarchive
  16. ↑ Template:In lang REGNUM News Agency
  17. ↑ Template:In lang Official website of the Supreme Council of Transnistria
  18. ↑ Template:In lang Transnistrian News Portal Pridnestrovets.RF Template:Webarchive
  19. ↑ Template:In lang Official website of the President of Transnistria
  20. ↑ Указ Президента ПМР №754 Template:Webarchive
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b The Transnistrian census of 2004 data by nationality at http://pop-stat.mashke.org/pmr-ethnic-loc2004.htm
  26. ↑ a b 1930 Romanian Census data for the Tighina County Template:Webarchive
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Marian Enache, Dorin Cimpoesu, Misiune Diplomatica in Republica Moldova (Iași: Polirom, 2000), p. 399
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

Template:Sister project

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