37th United States Congress

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox United States Congress The 37th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1861, to March 4, 1863, during the first two years of Abraham Lincoln's presidency.[1] The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1850 United States census.

For the first time since the party's establishment, the Republicans won the majority of both chambers, and thus full control of Congress. And with Abraham Lincoln becoming the first Republican President after being sworn in on March 4, 1861, the Republicans had their first ever overall federal government trifecta. Template:TOC limit

Major events

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Two special sessions

The Senate, a continuing body, was called into special session by President Lincoln, meeting from March 4 to 28, 1861.[1] The border states and Texas were still represented. Shortly after the Senate session adjourned, Fort Sumter was attacked. The immediate results were to draw four additional states[9] "into the confederacy with their more Southern sisters", and Lincoln called Congress into extraordinary session on July 4, 1861. The Senate confirmed calling forth troops and raising money to suppress rebellion as authorized in the Constitution.[10]

Both Houses then duly met July 4, 1861. Seven states which would send representatives held their state elections for Representative over the months of May to June 1861.[11] Members taking their seats had been elected before the secession crisis, during the formation of the Confederate government, and after Fort Sumter.Template:Sfn

Once assembled with a quorum in the House, Congress approved Lincoln's war powers innovations as necessary to preserve the Union.Template:Sfn Following the July Federal defeat at First Manassas, the Crittenden Resolution[12] asserted the reason for "the present deplorable civil war." It was meant as an address to the nation, especially to the Border States at a time of U.S. military reverses, when the war support in border state populations was virtually the only thing keeping them in the Union.Template:Sfn

Following resignations and expulsions occasioned by the outbreak of the Civil War, five states had some degree of dual representation in the U.S and the C.S. congresses. Congress accredited Members elected running in these five as Unionist (19), Democratic (6), Constitutional Unionist (1) and Republican (1). All ten Kentucky and all seven Missouri representatives were accepted. The other three states seated four of thirteen representatives from Virginia, three of ten Tennesseans, and two of four from Louisiana.Template:Sfn

The Crittenden Resolution declared the civil war "… has been forced upon the country by the disunionists of the southern States…" and it would be carried out for the supremacy of the Constitution and the preservation of the Union, and, that accomplished, "the war ought to cease". Democrats seized on this document, especially its assurances of no conquest or overthrowing domestic institutions (emancipation of slaves).Template:Sfn

Steps to emancipation - by Congress, Generals and Lincoln
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Slaves and slavery

Congressional policy and military strategy were intertwined. In the first regular March session, Republicans superseded the Crittenden Resolution, removing the prohibition against emancipation of slaves.Template:Sfn

In South Carolina, Gen. David Hunter issued a General Order in early May 1862 freeing all slaves in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. President Lincoln quickly rescinded the order, reserving this "supposed power" to his own discretion if it were indispensable to saving the Union.[13] Later in the same month without directly disobeying Lincoln's prohibition against emancipation, General Benjamin Butler at Fort Monroe Virginia declared slaves escaped into his lines as "contraband of war", that is, forfeit to their rebel owners.[14] On May 24, Congress followed General Butler's lead, and passed the First Confiscation Act in August, freeing slaves used for rebellion.[15]

In Missouri, John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican nominee for president, exceeded his authority as a General, declaring that all slaves held by rebels within his military district would be freed.[15] Republican majorities in Congress responded on opening day of the December Session. Sen. Lyman Trumbull introduced a bill for confiscation of rebel property and emancipation for their slaves. "Acrimonious debate on confiscation proved a major preoccupation" of Congress.Template:Sfn On March 13, 1862, Congress banned military officers from enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act under penalty of dismissal. The next month, the Congress abolished slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for loyal citizens. An additional Confiscation Act in July declared free all slaves held by citizens in rebellion, but it had no practical effect without addressing where the act would take effect, or how ownership was to be proved.Template:Sfn

Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation was issued September 22, 1862.Template:Sfn It became the principal issue before the public in the mid-term elections that year for the 38th Congress. But Republican majorities in both houses held (see 'Congress as a campaign machine' below), and the Republicans actually increased their majority in the Senate.[16]

On January 1, 1863, the war measure by executive proclamation directed the army and the navy to treat all escaped slaves as free when entering Union lines from territory still in rebellion. The measure would take effect when the escaped slave entered Union lines and loyalty of the previous owner was irrelevant.[17] Congress passed enabling legislation to carry out the Proclamation including "Freedman's Bureau" legislation.[18] The practical effect was a massive internal evacuation of Confederate slave labor, and augmenting Union Army teamsters, railroad crews and infantry for the duration of the Civil War.

Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

Congress assumed watchdog responsibilities with this and other investigating committees.

The principle conflict between the president and congress was found in the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. Eight thick volumes of testimony were filled with investigations of Union defeats and contractor scandals.

They were highly charged with partisan opinions "vehemently expressed" by chair Benjamin Wade of Ohio, Representative George Washington Julian of Indiana, and Zachariah Chandler of Michigan.Template:Sfn

Sen. Chandler, who had been one of McClellan's advocates promoting his spectacular rise,[19] particularly documented criticism of McClellan's Peninsular Campaign with its circuitous maneuvering, endless entrenchment and murderous camp diseases. It led to support for his dismissal.

A congressional committee could ruin a reputation, without itself having any military expertise. It would create the modern Congressional era in which generals fought wars with Congress looking over their shoulders, "and with public opinion following closely behind."Template:Sfn

Republican Platform goals

Republican majorities in both houses, apart from pro-union Democrats, and without vacant southern delegations, were able to enact their party platform. These included the Legal Tender Act, February 20, 1862, and increases in the tariff that amounted to protective tariffs. The Homestead Act, May 20, 1862, for government lands, and the Morrill Land Grant Act, July 2, 1862, for universities promoting practical arts in agriculture and mining, had no immediate war purpose. But they would have long range effects, as would the Pacific Railroad Act, July 1, 1862, for a transcontinental railroad.Template:Sfn

Treasury innovations were driven by Secretary Salmon P. Chase and necessity of war. The Income Tax of 1861, numerous taxes on consumer goods such as whiskey, and a national currency all began in Civil War Congresses.Template:Sfn

Congress as election machinery

File:Douglasenv.jpg
Speeches postage-free to District 1960, signature in upper right like 1863.

Member's floor speeches were not meant to be persuasive, but for publication in partisan newspapers. The real audience was the constituents back home. Congressional caucuses organized and funded political campaigns, publishing pamphlet versions of speeches and circulating them by the thousands free of postage on the member's franking privilege. Party congressional committees stayed in Washington during national campaigns, keeping an open flow of subsidized literature pouring back into the home districts.Template:Sfn

Nevertheless, like other Congresses in the 1850s and 1860s, this Congress would see less than half of its membership reelected.[20] The characteristic turmoil found in the "3rd Party Period, 1855-1896" stirred political party realignment in the North even in the midst of civil war. In this Congress, failure to gain nomination and loss at the general election together accounted for a Membership turnover of 25%.[21]

Major legislation

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File:Transcontinental RR 1944-3c.jpg
Transcontinental Railroad, by Act of Congress, July 1, 1861
File:US $1 1862 Legal Tender.jpg
Greenback Dollar featuring U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase, "Act of July 11, 1862"

States admitted and territories organized

States admitted

  • December 31, 1862: West Virginia admitted, Sess. 3, ch. 6, 12 Stat. 633, pending a presidential proclamation. (It became a state on June 20, 1863.)

Territories organized

States in rebellion

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Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Congress did not accept secession. Most of the Representatives and Senators from states that attempted to secede left Congress; those who took part in the rebellion were expelled.

  • Secessions declared during previous Congress: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
    • Louisiana Congressional Districts LA 1 and 2, two of its four representatives remained seated in the 37th Congress.Template:Sfn
  • Secessions declared during this Congress:

Although secessionist factions passed resolutions of secession in Missouri October 31, 1861,[27] and in Kentucky November 20, 1861,[27] their state delegations in the U.S. Congress remained in place, seven from Missouri and ten from Kentucky.Template:Sfn Exile state governments resided with Confederate armies out-of-state, army-elected congressional representatives served as a solid pro-Jefferson Davis administration voting bloc in the Confederate Congress.Template:Sfn

Party summary

Senate

File:US Senate 37th congress.svg
Senate at the beginning of the Congress

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House of Representatives

File:US House 37th Congress.svg
House of Representatives at the beginning of Congress

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Leadership

Senate

File:Hannibal Hamlin, photo portrait seated, c1860-65-retouched-crop.jpg
President of the Senate Hannibal Hamlin

House of Representatives

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1862; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1864; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1866.

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House of Representatives

Members of the House of Representatives are listed by their districts.

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Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress.

Senate

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|- | Missouri (3) | Vacant | Did not take seat until after Congress commenced. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Waldo P. Johnson (D) | March 17, 1861

|- | Kansas (2) | Vacant | Election not recognized by US Senate. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Jim Lane (R) | April 4, 1861

|- | Kansas (3) | Vacant | Election not recognized by the Senate. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Samuel C. Pomeroy (R) | April 4, 1861

|- | Pennsylvania (1) | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Simon Cameron (R) | Resigned March 4, 1861, to become Secretary of War.
Successor was elected. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | David Wilmot (R) | March 14, 1861

|- | North Carolina (2) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Thomas Bragg (D) | Withdrew[29] March 6, 1861; expelled later in 1861. | colspan=2 | Vacant thereafter

|- | Ohio (3) | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Salmon P. Chase (R) | Resigned March 7, 1861, to become Secretary of the Treasury.
Successor was elected. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | John Sherman (R) | March 21, 1861

|- | Texas (1) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Louis T. Wigfall (D) | Withdrew March 23, 1861. | colspan=2 | Vacant thereafter

|- | North Carolina (3) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Thomas L. Clingman (D) | Withdrew[29] March 28, 1861; expelled later in 1861. | colspan=2 | Vacant thereafter

|- | Virginia (2) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Robert M. T. Hunter (D) | Withdrew[29] March 28, 1861, and later expelled for support of the rebellion.
Successor was elected. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | John S. Carlile (UU) | July 9, 1861

|- | Virginia (1) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | James M. Mason (D) | Expelled March 28, 1861, for supporting the rebellion.
Successor was elected. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Waitman T. Willey (UU) | July 9, 1861

|- | Illinois (2) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Stephen A. Douglas (D) | Died June 3, 1861.
Successor was appointed. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Orville H. Browning (R) | June 26, 1861

|- | Texas (2) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John Hemphill (D) | Expelled sometime in July 1861. | colspan=2 | Vacant thereafter

|- | Illinois (2) | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Orville H. Browning (R) | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.
Successor elected January 12, 1863. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | William A. Richardson (D) | January 30, 1863

|- | Arkansas (2) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | William K. Sebastian (D) | Expelled July 11, 1861. | colspan=2 | Vacant thereafter

|- | Arkansas (3) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Charles B. Mitchel (D) | Expelled July 11, 1861. | colspan=2 | Vacant thereafter

|- | Michigan (2) | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Kinsley S. Bingham (R) | Died October 5, 1861.
Successor was elected. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Jacob M. Howard (R) | January 17, 1862

|- | Oregon (2) | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Edward D. Baker (R) | Killed at Battle of Ball's Bluff October 21, 1861.
Successor was appointed. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Benjamin Stark (D) | October 29, 1861

|- | Kentucky (3) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John C. Breckinridge (D) | Expelled December 4, 1861, for supporting the rebellion.
Successor was elected. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Garrett Davis (UU) | December 23, 1861

|- | Missouri (1) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Trusten Polk (D) | Expelled January 10, 1862, for supporting the rebellion.
Successor was appointed. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | John B. Henderson (UU) | January 17, 1862

|- | Missouri (3) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Waldo P. Johnson (D) | Expelled January 10, 1862, for disloyalty to the government.
Successor was appointed. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Robert Wilson (UU) | January 17, 1862

|- | Indiana (1) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Jesse D. Bright (D) | Expelled February 5, 1862, on charges of disloyalty.
Successor was appointed. | nowrap Template:Party shading/National Union | Joseph A. Wright (U) | February 24, 1862

|- | Tennessee (1) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Andrew Johnson (D) | Resigned March 4, 1862. | colspan=2 | Vacant thereafter

|- | Rhode Island (1) | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | James F. Simmons (R) | Resigned August 15, 1862.
Successor was elected. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Samuel G. Arnold (R) | December 1, 1862

|- | New Jersey (1) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John R. Thomson (D) | Died September 12, 1862.
Successor was appointed. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Richard S. Field (R) | November 21, 1862

|- | Oregon (2) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Benjamin Stark (D) | Retired September 12, 1862, upon election of a successor. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Benjamin F. Harding (D) | September 12, 1862

|- | Maryland (3) | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | James Pearce (D) | Died December 20, 1862.
Successor was appointed. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Thomas H. Hicks (UU) | December 29, 1862

|- | Indiana (1) | nowrap Template:Party shading/National Union | Joseph A. Wright (U) | Retired January 14, 1863, upon election of a successor. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | David Turpie (D) | January 14, 1863

|- | New Jersey (1) | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Richard S. Field (R) | Retired January 14, 1863, upon election of a successor. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | James W. Wall (D) | January 14, 1863 |}

House of Representatives

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|- | Template:Ushr | colspan=2 | New seat. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Hiram P. Bennett (Conservative R) | August 19, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | colspan=2 | New seat. | nowrap style="background-color:#DDDDBB" | John Cradlebaugh (I) | December 2, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | colspan=2 | New seat. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John B. S. Todd (D) | December 9, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | colspan=2 | Vacant. | nowrap style="background:Template:Party color" | Benjamin F. Flanders (U) | December 3, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | colspan=2 | Vacant. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Michael Hahn (UU) | December 3, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | Vacant | Representative-elect George W. Bridges was arrested by Confederate troops while en route to Washington, D.C., and held prisoner before he escaped. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | George W. Bridges (UU) | February 25, 1863

|- | Template:Ushr | colspan=2 | Vacant. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Joseph E. Segar (UU) | May 6, 1862[28]

|- | Template:Ushr | Vacant | Low not permitted to take seat, qualified later under special act of Congress, 12 Stat. 411 | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Frederick F. Low (R) | June 3, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | colspan=2 | Vacant. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Charles H. Upton (UU) | July 4, 1861[28]

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Thomas Corwin (R) | Resigned March 12, 1861, to become Minister to Mexico. | nowrap Template:Party shading/National Union | Richard A. Harrison (U) | July 4, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | John Sherman (R) | Resigned March 12, 1861, when elected U.S. Senator. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Samuel T. Worcester (R) | July 4, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | George W. Scranton (R) | Died March 24, 1861. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Hendrick B. Wright (D) | July 4, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Charles F. Adams Sr. (R) | Resigned May 1, 1861, to become Ambassador to Great Britain. | nowrap Template:Party shading/National Union | Benjamin Thomas (U) | June 11, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Edward Joy Morris (R) | Resigned June 8, 1861, to become Minister Resident to Turkey. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Charles J. Biddle (D) | July 2, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | John S. Carlile (UU) | Resigned July 9, 1861, to become United States Senator from the loyal faction of Virginia. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Jacob B. Blair (UU) | December 2, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John Bullock Clark (D) | Expelled July 13, 1861, for having taken up arms against the Union. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | William A. Hall (D) | January 20, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Andrew J. Thayer (D) | Election was successfully contested July 30, 1861. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | George K. Shiel (D) | July 30, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John W. Reid (D) | Withdrew August 3, 1861, and then expelled December 2, 1861, for having taken up arms against the Union. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Thomas L. Price (D) | January 21, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Samuel Curtis (R) | Resigned August 4, 1861, to become colonel of the 2nd Iowa Infantry. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | James F. Wilson (R) | October 8, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap Template:Party shading/Constitutional Unionist | William Appleton (CU) | Resigned September 27, 1861, due to failing health. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Samuel Hooper (R) | December 2, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John A. McClernand (D) | Resigned October 28, 1861, to accept a commission as brigadier general of volunteers for service in the Civil War. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Anthony L. Knapp (D) | December 12, 1861

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Henry C. Burnett (D) | Expelled December 3, 1861, for support of secession. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Samuel L. Casey (UU) | March 10, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | James S. Jackson (UU) | Resigned December 13, 1861, to enter the Union Army. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | George H. Yeaman (UU) | December 1, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Charles H. Upton (UU) | Declared not entitled to seat February 27, 1862. | nowrap Template:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Lewis McKenzie (UU) | February 16, 1863

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John A. Logan (D) | Resigned April 2, 1862, to enter the Union Army. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | William J. Allen (D) | June 2, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | Thomas B. Cooper (D) | Died April 4, 1862. | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | John D. Stiles (D) | June 3, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Goldsmith F. Bailey (R) | Died May 8, 1862. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Amasa Walker (R) | December 1, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Charles W. Walton (R) | Resigned May 26, 1862, to become associate justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Thomas A. D. Fessenden (R) | December 1, 1862

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Luther Hanchett (R) | Died November 24, 1862. | nowrap style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" | Walter D. McIndoe (R) | January 26, 1863

|- | Template:Ushr | nowrap style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" | William A. Richardson (D) | Resigned January 29, 1863, after being elected to the U.S. Senate. | colspan=2 | Vacant thereafter

|}

Committees

Senate

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Standing committees of the Senate resolved, Friday, March 8, 1861[30]

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House of Representatives

Members by committee assignments, Congressional Globe, as published July 8, 1861.[32] Spellings conform to those found in the Congressional Biographical Dictionary.

Unless otherwise noted, all committees listed are Standing, as found at the Library of Congress[33] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

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Joint committees

Enrolled Bills

The Library

Caucuses

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

Senate

House of Representatives

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

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External links

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  1. ↑ a b Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress (1774–2005) found online at Congress Profiles: 37th Congress (1861–1863) viewed October 24, 2016.
  2. ↑ Template:Cite work
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Alt URL
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas.
  10. ↑ Excerpt from Isaac Bassett's Memoir re-published on the U.S. Senate webpage
  11. ↑ Template:Cite work
  12. ↑ Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 1 sess., p. 233.
  13. ↑ "Presidential Proclamation May 19, 1862", Abraham Lincoln's response to General Hunter's General Order Number Eleven. abolition was to be outside the police functions of field commanders.
  14. ↑ New York Times: "How Slavery Really Ended in America" Viewed November 9, 2011.
  15. ↑ a b McPherson, pp. 57–58.
  16. ↑ McPherson, p. 142.
  17. ↑ Template:Url
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ McPherson, p. 76.
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Swain, John W., et al., "A New Look at Turnover in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1789-1998", American Politics Research 2000, (28:435), pp. 444, 452.
  22. ↑ The text of Virginia's Ordinance of Secession Template:Webarchive.
  23. ↑ The text of Arkansas's Ordinance of Secession Template:Webarchive.
  24. ↑ The text of North Carolina's Ordinance of Secession Template:Webarchive.
  25. ↑ The text of Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession Template:Webarchive.
  26. ↑ The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8, 1861.
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b c d e Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, (1774–2005), "Official Annotated Membership Roster by State with Vacancy and Special Election Information for the 37th Congress Template:Webarchive".
  29. ↑ a b c Withdrawal" meant that these senators announced they were withdrawing from the Senate due to their states' decisions to secede from the Union. Their seats were later declared vacant by the Senate, but some seats were actually unfilled since the beginning of this Congress on March 4, 1861.
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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