Shin (letter)

Template:Short description Template:Phoenician glyph Shin (also spelled Šin (Template:Transliteration) or Sheen) is the twenty-first and penultimate letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician šīn 𐤔, Hebrew šīn Template:Script, Aramaic šīn 𐡔, Syriac šīn ܫ, and Arabic sīn Template:Script.Template:EfnTemplate:Efn

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma (Template:Script) (which in turn gave rise to the Latin , the German ẞ and the Cyrillic С), and the letter Sha in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts (Template:Script, Template:Script).

The South Arabian and Ethiopian letter Śawt is also cognate. The letter šīn is the only letter of the Arabic alphabet with three dots with a letter corresponding to a letter in the Northwest Semitic abjad or the Phoenician alphabet.

Origins

Egyptian hieroglyph	Proto-Sinaitic	Phoenician	Paleo-Hebrew
<hiero>Aa32</hiero>	File:Proto-Canaanite - shin.svg	File:Phoenician sin.svg	File:Early Aramaic character - shin.png

The Proto-Sinaitic glyph, according to William Albright, was based on a "tooth" and with the phonemic value š "corresponds etymologically (in part, at least) to original Semitic ṯ (th), which was pronounced s in South Canaanite". However, the Proto-Semitic word for "tooth" has been reconstructed as *šinn-.

The Phoenician Template:Transliteration letter expressed the continuants of two Proto-Semitic phonemes, and may have been based on a pictogram of a tooth (in modern Hebrew shen). The Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1972, records that it originally represented a composite bow. The form of the Arabic letter sīn may be formed from a ligature of dotless nūn and two dotless bāʾ.

The history of the letters expressing sibilants in the various Semitic alphabets is somewhat complicated, due to different mergers between Proto-Semitic phonemes. As usually reconstructed, there are nine Proto-Semitic coronal fricative phonemes that evolved into the various sibilants of its daughter languages, as follows:

Voiceless consonants
Proto-Semitic		Old South Arabian	Old North Arabian	Modern South Arabian 1, 2	Standard Arabic		Aramaic		Modern Hebrew		Ge'ez		Phoenician		Akkadian
s₃ (s)		Template:Script	𐪏		Template:Script		Template:Script	s	Template:Script		Template:Script	s	Template:Script	s	s
s₁ (š)		Template:Script	𐪊	, sometimes			Template:Script	š	Template:Script				Template:Script	š	š
ṯ		Template:Script	𐪛		Template:Script		Template:Script, later Template:Script	*ṯ, š, later t
s₂ (ś)		Template:Script	𐪆		Template:Script		Template:Script, later Template:Script	*ś, s	Template:Script		Template:Script	ś
Emphatic consonants
Proto-Semitic		Old South Arabian	Old North Arabian	Modern South Arabian	Standard Arabic		Aramaic		Modern Hebrew		Ge'ez		Phoenician		Akkadian
ṣ		Template:Script	𐪎	, rarely	Template:Script		Template:Script	ṣ	Template:Script		Template:Script	ṣ	Template:Script	ṣ	ṣ
ṯ̣		Template:Script	𐪜		Template:Script		Template:Script, later Template:Script	*ṱ, ṣ, later ṭ
ṣ́		Template:Script	𐪓		Template:Script		Template:Script, later Template:Script	*ṣ́, q/ḳ, later ʿ			Template:Script	ṣ́
Voiced consonants
Proto-Semitic		Old South Arabian	Old North Arabian	Modern South Arabian	Standard Arabic		Aramaic		Modern Hebrew		Ge'ez		Phoenician		Akkadian
z		Template:Script	𐪘		Template:Script		Template:Script	z	Template:Script		Template:Script	z	Template:Script	z	z
ḏ		Template:Script	𐪙		Template:Script		Template:Script, later Template:Script	*ḏ, z, later d
Notes s₁ (š) is , sometimes and (in Soqotri) - and (for some speakers of Jibbali) ṯ , ḏ and ṯ̣ merge with , , and in Soqotri

Arabic shīn

Template:Infobox grapheme Based on Semitic linguists (hypothesized), Samekh has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet, and that sīn is derived from Phoenician šīn 𐤔 rather than Phonecian sāmek 𐤎, but it corresponds exclusively to Arabic Sīn when comparing etymologically to other Semitic languages. In the Mashriqi abjadi order Template:Transliteration takes the place of Samekh at 15th position;Template:Efn meanwhile, the Template:Transliteration is placed at the 21st position, represents , and is the 13th letter of the modern hijā’ī () or alifbāʾī () order and is written thus:

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic

In the Arabic alphabet, according to McDonald (1986), "there can be no doubt that is a formal derivative of and that is descended from 𐡔."Template:Sfn but unlike the Hebrew Template:Script Sīn/Šīn and Aramaic Template:Script Sīn/Šīn, Arabic Sīn is considered a completely separate letter from Šīn Template:IPAslink.

The Arabic letter shīn was an acronym for "something" ( shayʾ(un) ) meaning the unknown in algebraic equations. In the transcription into Spanish, the Greek letter chi (χ) was used which was later transcribed into Latin x. The letter shīn, along with Ṯāʾ, are the only two surviving letters in Arabic with three dots above. According to some sources, this is the origin of x used for the unknown in the equations. However, according to other sources, there is no historical evidence for this. In Modern Arabic mathematical notation, sīn, i.e. shīn without its dots, often corresponds to Latin x. This led a debate to many Semitic linguists that the letter shīn is Arabic for samekh, although many Semitic linguists argue this debate as samekh has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet.

In the Maghrebian abjad sequence :

• Ṣād replaces Samekh at 15th position and retains the numerical value of 60;
• Sīn replaces Šīn at 21st position and retains the numerical value of 300.
• Šīn takes the places of the 28th letter with a numerical value of 1000.

Aramaic shin/sin

In Aramaic, where the use of shin is well-determined, the orthography of sin was never fully resolved.

To express an etymological *Template:Transliteration, a number of dialects chose either sin or samek exclusively, where other dialects switch freely between them (often 'leaning' more often towards one or the other). For example:

ʿaśar "ten"	Old Aramaic	Imperial Aramaic	Middle Aramaic	Palestinian Aramaic	Babylonian Aramaic
עשר‎	Syrian Inscriptions	Idumaean Ostraca, Egyptian, Egyptian-Persian, Ezra	Qumran	Galilean	Gaonic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
עסר‎	Tell Halaf	(none recorded)	Palmyrene, Syriac	Zoar, Christian Palestinian Aramaic	Mandaic
both	(none recorded)	(none recorded)	(none recorded)	Targum Jehonathan, Original Manuscript Archival Texts, Palestinian Targum (Genizah), Samaritan	Late Jewish Literary Aramaic

Regardless of how it is written, *Template:Transliteration in spoken Aramaic seems to have universally resolved to /s/.

Hebrew shin/sin

Orthographic variants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ש	ש	ש	File:Hebrew letter Shin handwriting.svg	File:Shin (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg

Hebrew spelling:

The Hebrew version according to the reconstruction shown above is descended from Proto-Semitic *Template:Transliteration, a phoneme thought to correspond to a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative , similar to Welsh Ll in "Llandudno" ().

See also Hebrew phonology, Śawt.

Sin and Shin dot

The Hebrew letter represents two different phonemes: a sibilant Template:IPAslink, like English sour, and a Template:IPAslink, like English shoe. Prior to the advent and ascendancy of Tiberian orthography, the two were distinguished by a superscript samekh, i.e. Template:Script vs. Template:Script, which later developed into the dot. The two are distinguished by a dot above the left-hand side of the letter for Template:IPAslink and above the right-hand side for Template:IPAslink. In the biblical name Issachar (Template:Langx) only, the second sin/shin letter is always written without any dot, even in fully vocalized texts. This is because the second sin/shin is always silent.

Name	Symbol	IPA	Transliteration	Example
Sin dot (left)	שׂ‎	Template:IPAslink	s	sour
Shin dot (right)	שׁ‎	Template:IPAslink	sh	shop

Unicode encoding

Glyph	Unicode	Name
ׁ‎	U+05C1	SHIN DOT
ׂ‎	U+05C2	SIN DOT

Significance

forms of letter shin phoenician

The rapid evolution of kaf, mem, shin from the 13th-8th c are especially helpful to date "les écritures phéniciennes archaïques."

In gematria, Shin represents the number 300. The breakdown of its namesake, Shin[300] - Yodh[10] - Nunh[50] gives the geometrical meaningful number 360, which can be interpreted as encompassing the fullness of the degrees of circles.

Shin as a prefix commonly used in late-Biblical and Modern Hebrew language carries similar meaning as specificity faring relative pronouns in English: "that (..)", "which (..)" and "who (..)". When used this way, it is pronounced as 'sheh-' (IPA /ʃɛ-/. In colloquial Hebrew, Kaph and Shin together are a contraction of , ka'asher (as, when).

Shin is also one of the seven letters which receive “crowns” (called tagin) in a Sefer Torah. (See Gimmel, Ayin, Teth, Nun, Zayin, and Tzadi).

According to Judges 12:6, the tribe of Ephraim could not differentiate between Shin and Samekh; when the Gileadites were at war with the Ephraimites, they would ask suspected Ephraimites to say the word shibboleth; an Ephraimite would say sibboleth and thus be exposed. This episode is the origin of the English term shibboleth.

In Judaism

Shin also stands for the word Shaddai, a Name of God. A kohen forms the letter Shin with each of his hands as he recites the Priestly Blessing. In the mid-1960s, actor Leonard Nimoy used a single-handed version of this gesture to create the Vulcan hand salute for his character, Mr. Spock, on Star Trek.

The letter Shin is often written on the case of a mezuzah, a scroll of parchment containing select Biblical texts. Sometimes the whole word Shaddai will be written.

The Shema Yisrael prayer also commands the Israelites to write God's commandments on their hearts (Deut. 6:6); the shape of the letter Shin mimics the structure of the human heart: the lower, larger left ventricle (which supplies the full body) and the smaller right ventricle (which supplies the lungs) are positioned like the lines of the letter Shin.

A religious significance has been applied to the fact that there are three valleys that comprise the city of Jerusalem's geography: the Valley of Ben Hinnom, Tyropoeon Valley, and Kidron Valley, and that these valleys converge to also form the shape of the letter shin, and that the Temple in Jerusalem is located where the dagesh (horizontal line) is. This is seen as a fulfillment of passages such as that instructs Jews to celebrate the Pasach at "the place the LORD will choose as a dwelling for his Name" (NIV).

In the Sefer Yetzirah the letter Shin is King over Fire, Formed Heaven in the Universe, Hot in the Year, and the Head in the Soul.

The 13th-century Kabbalistic text Sefer HaTemunah, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe.

In Russian

File:Cyrillic letter Sha - uppercase and lowercase.svg

The Cyrillic letter "sha" is sometimes said to derive from the Hebrew letter shin, emphasizing the letters’ similarity.

The corresponding letter for the Template:IPAslink sound in Russian is nearly identical in shape to the Hebrew shin. Given that the Cyrillic script includes borrowed letters from a variety of different alphabets such as Greek and Latin, it is often suggested that the letter sha is directly borrowed from the Hebrew letter shin (other hypothesized sources include Coptic and Samaritan).

Hebrew terms containing Shin

Shin Bet is a commonly used acronym for the Israeli Department of Internal General Security. Despite referring to a former name of the department, it remains the term usually used in English. In Modern Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic, the security service is known as the Shabak.

A Shin-Shin clash is Israeli military parlance for a battle between two tank divisions (from Template:Langx).

Sh'at haShin ('Shin hour') is the last possible moment for any action, usually in a military context. Corresponds to the English expression Template:Wikt-lang.

Syriac shin

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic