Hazaragi dialect: Difference between revisions
imported>MontanaM55 Both Hazaragi and Dari are Eastern Persian dialects. |
imported>Vofa Restored revision 1297287167 by Maihandoost (talk): Dari has the same amount of 'mongolic influenced words' as Dari. to highlight 'mongolic' influence in hazaragi and not dari is disingenuous. infact, its not even 10% of their lexicon |
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'''Hazaragi''' ({{langx|Prs|{{nq|هزارگی}}|həzārəgi}}; {{langx|haz|{{nq|آزرگی}}|āzərgi}}) is an eastern [[Persian dialects|dialect]] and [[Persian varieties|variety]] of the [[Persian language]] that is spoken by the [[Hazara people]]. | '''Hazaragi''' ({{langx|Prs|{{nq|هزارگی}}|həzārəgi}}; {{langx|haz|{{nq|آزرگی}}|āzərgi}}) is an eastern [[Persian dialects|dialect]] and [[Persian varieties|variety]] of the [[Persian language]] that is spoken by the [[Hazara people]]. | ||
== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
Hazaragi is a member of the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European language family]]. It is an eastern variety of [[Persian language|Persian]] and closely related to [[Dari]], one of the two official [[Languages of Afghanistan]]. The primary differences between Dari and Hazaragi are the accents<ref name="OCLC 4016342">[[Franz Schurmann|Schurmann, Franz]] (1962) ''The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan'' Mouton, [[The Hague, Netherlands]], page 17, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/401634 OCLC 401634]</ref> and Hazaragi's greater array of many [[Turkic languages|Turkic | Hazaragi is a member of the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European language family]]. It is an eastern variety of [[Persian language|Persian]] and closely related to [[Dari]], one of the two official [[Languages of Afghanistan]]. The primary differences between Dari and Hazaragi are the accents,<ref name="OCLC 4016342">[[Franz Schurmann|Schurmann, Franz]] (1962) ''The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan'' Mouton, [[The Hague, Netherlands]], page 17, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/401634 OCLC 401634]</ref> and Hazaragi's greater array of many [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] words and borrowings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-12 |title=Language of the "Mountain Tribe": A Closer Look at Hazaragi – Languages Of The World |language=en-US |work=Languages Of The World |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/student-papers/language-of-the-mountain-tribe-a-closer-look-at-hazaragi.html |access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Sociological Study of Hazara Tribe in Balochistan (An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Change) University of Karachi, Pakistan July 1976 p.302 |url=http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/665/1/443.htm |access-date=2013-12-08 |publisher=Eprints.hec.gov.pk}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=hazara |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-4 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite these differences, the two dialects are mutually intelligible.<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi2">{{cite web |title=Attitudes Towards Hazaragi |url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=these |access-date=4 June 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ||
In [[Daykundi]] (former [[Uruzgan]]), Hazaragi has a significant admixture of [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] influence in the language via [[Karluk languages|Karluk]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = تاریخ باستانی هزارهها|last = دلجو|first = عباس|publisher = انتشارات امیری|year = 2014|isbn = 978-9936801509|location = کابل}}</ref> | In [[Daykundi]] (former [[Uruzgan]]), Hazaragi has a significant admixture of [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] influence in the language via [[Karluk languages|Karluk]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = تاریخ باستانی هزارهها|last = دلجو|first = عباس|publisher = انتشارات امیری|year = 2014|isbn = 978-9936801509|location = کابل}}</ref> | ||
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The Persian language became so much part of the religion of Islam that it almost went wherever Islam took roots.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Persian entered, in this way, into the very faith and thought of the people embracing Islam throughout [[South Asia]].<ref name="eprints.hec.gov.pk2">{{cite web |title=A Sociological Study of Hazara Tribe in Balochistan (An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Change) University of Karachi, Pakistan July 1976 |url=http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/665/1/443.htm |access-date=2013-12-08 |publisher=Eprints.hec.gov.pk}}</ref> | The Persian language became so much part of the religion of Islam that it almost went wherever Islam took roots.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Persian entered, in this way, into the very faith and thought of the people embracing Islam throughout [[South Asia]].<ref name="eprints.hec.gov.pk2">{{cite web |title=A Sociological Study of Hazara Tribe in Balochistan (An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Change) University of Karachi, Pakistan July 1976 |url=http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/665/1/443.htm |access-date=2013-12-08 |publisher=Eprints.hec.gov.pk}}</ref> | ||
== Turkic | == Turkic influence == | ||
Over time, [[Turkic languages | Over time, [[Turkic languages]] penetrated as living languages amongst Hazara people, and Hazaragi contains many Turkic words and loanwords.<ref name="eprints.hec.gov.pk2" /><ref name=":02" /> | ||
== Grammatical structure == | == Grammatical structure == | ||
Latest revision as of 17:52, 28 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Multiple issues Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other
Hazaragi (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is an eastern dialect and variety of the Persian language that is spoken by the Hazara people.
Classification
Hazaragi is a member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is an eastern variety of Persian and closely related to Dari, one of the two official Languages of Afghanistan. The primary differences between Dari and Hazaragi are the accents,[1] and Hazaragi's greater array of many Turkic words and borrowings.[2][3][4][5] Despite these differences, the two dialects are mutually intelligible.[6]
In Daykundi (former Uruzgan), Hazaragi has a significant admixture of Turkic influence in the language via Karluk.[7]
Najib Mayel Heravi about Hazaragi dialect:
"The Hazaragi variety of Persian possesses some of the most ancient and authentic features of the Persian language, to the extent that features typical of the Persian dialects of the 4th and 5th centuries (such as compound verbs instead of simple verbs, old particles, adverbs, old prefixes, verb repetitions, old pronouns, and noticeable alternations) are all prevalent in this variety. The study of this variety of Persian in Afghanistan, before it becomes obsolete and foreign, is essential for historical linguistic studies of Persian and for solving problems in the interpretation of ancient Persian texts."[8]
Geographic distribution and diaspora
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Hazaragi is spoken by the Hazara people, who mainly live in Afghanistan (predominantly in the Hazarajat (Hazaristan) region, as well as other Hazara-populated areas of Afghanistan), with a significant population in Pakistan (particularly Quetta) and Iran (particularly Mashhad),[9] and by Hazaras in eastern Uzbekistan, northern Tajikistan, the Americas, Europe, and Australia.[10] The number of Hazaragi speakers in Iran increased significantly due to the influx of refugees from Afghanistan where there are an estimated 399,000 speakers in the country as of 2021.[11]
In recent years, a substantial population of Hazara refugees has settled in Australia, prompting the Department of Immigration and Citizenship to move towards official recognition of the Hazaragi language. Currently, NAATI (National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters) holds interpreting tests for Hazaragi as a distinct language, noting in test materials that Hazaragi varies by dialect, and that any dialect of Hazaragi may be used in interpreter testing as long as it would be understood by the average speaker. The test materials also note that Hazaragi in some locations has been significantly influenced by surrounding languages and that the use of non-Hazaragi words assimilated from neighboring languages would be penalized in testing.[12]
History
Persian and Islam
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Persian language became so much part of the religion of Islam that it almost went wherever Islam took roots.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Persian entered, in this way, into the very faith and thought of the people embracing Islam throughout South Asia.[13]
Turkic influence
Over time, Turkic languages penetrated as living languages amongst Hazara people, and Hazaragi contains many Turkic words and loanwords.[13][4]
Grammatical structure
The grammatical structure of Hazaragi[14][15][16] is practically identical to that of the Kabuli dialect of Persian.[17][18]
Phonology
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Template:IPA link | ||
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Low | Template:IPA link |
Script error: No such module "IPA". can also approach the sound Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..[19]
As a group of eastern Persian varieties which are considered the more formal and classical varieties of Persian,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Hazaragi retains the voiced fricative Script error: No such module "IPA"., and the bilabial articulation of Script error: No such module "IPA". has borrowed the (rare)Template:Clarify retroflexes Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".; as in buṭ (meaning "boot") vs. but (meaning "idol") (cf. Persian Template:Transliteration); and rarely articulates Script error: No such module "IPA"..[5] The convergence of voiced uvular stop Script error: No such module "IPA". (ق) and voiced velar fricative Script error: No such module "IPA". (غ) in Western Persian (probably under the influence of Turkic languages)[20] is still kept separate in Hazara.
Diphthongs include Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA". (cf. Persian Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration). The vocalic system is typically eastern Persian, characterized by the loss of length distinction, the retention of mid vowels, and the rounding of Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., alternating with its merger with Script error: No such module "IPA"., or Script error: No such module "IPA". (cf. Persian Template:Transliteration).[5] Template:Clarify
Stress is dynamic and similar to that in Dari[21] and Tajik varieties of Persian,[22] and not variable.[23] It generally falls on the last syllable of a nominal form, including derivative suffixes and several morphological markers. Typical is the insertion of epenthetic vowels in consonant clusters (as in pašm to póšum; "wool") and final devoicing (as in ḵût; "self, own").[5]
Script error: No such module "IPA". only occurs infrequently and among more educated speakers. Script error: No such module "IPA". can be heard as either a trill Script error: No such module "IPA". or a tap Script error: No such module "IPA".. /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ can also range to uvular sounds [Script error: No such module "IPA".].
Nominal morphology
The most productive derivative marker is -i, and the plural markers are -o for the inanimate (as in kitab-o, meaning "books"; cf. Persian Template:Transliteration) and -û for the animate (as in birar-û, meaning "brothers"; cf. Persian Template:Transliteration). The emphatic vocative marker is û or -o, the indefinite marker is -i, and the specific object marker is -(r)a. The comparative marker is -tar (as in kalû-tar, meaning "bigger"). Dependent adjectives and nouns follow the head noun and are connected by -i (as in kitab-i mamud, meaning "the book of Maḥmud"). Topicalized possessors precede the head noun marked by the resumptive personal suffix (as in Zulmay ayê-ši, literally "Zulmay her mother"). Prepositions include, in addition to the standard Persian ones, ḵun(i) (meaning "with, using", da (meaning "in"; cf. Persian Template:Transliteration); the latter often replaces ba (meaning "to") in dative function. Loaned postpositions include comitative -qati (meaning "together with") and (az) -worî (meaning "like"). Interrogatives typically function also as indefinite (as in kudam, meaning "which, someone").[5]
| Singular/Plural | First person | Second person | Third person |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | ma [me, I] (man) | tu [you] (tu) | e/u [this/that] (w) |
| plural | mû [we, us] (mo) | šimû/šumû (cumo) | yo/wo [these/those] (icon) |
| singular | -um [mine] -em | -it/khu/–tû [your/yours] (-et) | -iš/-(i)ši [his/hers] (-ec) |
| plural | -mû [ours] (-emon) | –tû/-šimû/šumû [your/yours] (-eton) | -iš/-(i)ši [their] (-econ) |
The inflection (u,o) that Hazaras use to pluralize nouns is also found in Avesta, Yashts such as Aryo.
Particles, conjunctions, modals, and adverbials
These include atê/arê, meaning "yes"; amma or wali, meaning "but"; balki, meaning "however"; šaydi, meaning "perhaps"; ale, meaning "now"; and wuḵt-a, meaning "then". These are also marked by distinctive initial stress.[5]
| Hazaragi | Persian/Dari | English |
|---|---|---|
| amyale | aknun | now |
| dalil'dera | dalil darad | maybe |
Verb morphology
The imperfective marker is mi- (assimilated variants: m-, mu-, m-, mê-; as in mi-zan-um, "I hit, I am hitting"). The subjunctive and imperative marker is bi- (with similar assimilation). The negation is na- (as in na-mi-zad-um, "I was not hitting"). These usually attract stress.[5]
Tenses
The tense, mood, and aspect system is typically quite different from Western Persian. The basic tense system is threefold: present-future, past, and remote (pluperfect). New modal paradigms developed in addition to the subjunctives:
- The non-seen/mirative that originates in the resultative-stative perfect (e.g., zad-ēm; cf. Persian Template:Transliteration), which has largely lost its non-modal use;
- the potential, or assumptive, which is marked by the invariant ḵot (cf. Persian xāh-ad or xād, "it wants, intends") combined with the indicate and subjunctive forms.
Moreover, all past and remote forms have developed imperfective forms marked by mi-. There are doubts about several of the less commonly found, or recorded, forms, in particular those with ḵot.[24] However, the systematic arrangement of all forms according to their morphological, as well as semantic, function shows that those forms fit well within the overall pattern. The system may tentatively be shown as follows (all forms are 1st sing), leaving out complex compound forms such as zada ḵot mu-buda baš-um.[5]
In the assumptive, the distinction appears to be not between present versus past, but indefinite versus definite. Also, similar to all Persian varieties, the imperfective forms in mi-, and past perfect forms, such as mi-zad-um and zada bud-um, are used in irreal conditional clauses and wishes; e.g., kaški zimi qulba kadagi mu-but, "If the field would only be/have been plowed!" Modal verbs, such as tan- ("can"), are constructed with the perfect participle; e.g., ma bû-r-um, da čaman rasid-a ḵot tanist-um, "I shall go, and may be able to get to Čaman". Participial nominalization is typical, both with the perfect participle (e.g., kad-a, "(having) done") and with the derived participle with passive meaning kad-ag-i, "having been done" (e.g., zimin-i qulba kada-ya, "The field is ploughed"; zamin-i qulba (na-)šuda-ra mi-ngar-um, "I am looking at a plowed/unplowed field"; imrûz [u ḵondagi] tikrar mu-kun-a, "Today he repeats (reading) what he had read"). The gerundive (e.g., kad-an-i, "to be done") is likewise productive, as in yag čiz, ki uftadani baš-a, ma u-ra qad-dist-ḵu girift-um, tulḡa kad-um, "One object, that was about to fall, I grabbed, and held it". The clitic -ku or -ḵu topicalizes parts of speech, -di the predicate; as in i-yši raft, ma-ḵu da ḵona mand-um, "He himself left; I, though, I stayed".[5]
See also
Template:Hazara people Script error: No such module "Portal".
References
External links
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- ↑ Schurmann, Franz (1962) The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, page 17, OCLC 401634
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Area Handbook for Afghanistan, page 77, Harvey Henry Smith, American University (Washington, D.C.) Foreign Area Studies
- ↑ Barbara A. West. "Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania". pp 272. Info base Publishing, 2009. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Accreditation by Testing: Information booklet. NAATI, VERSION 1.10- August 2010
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Valentin Aleksandrovich Efimov, Yazyk afganskikh khazara: Yakavlangskii dialect, Moscow, 1965. pp. 22–83
- ↑ Idem, “Khazara yazyk,” in Yazyki mira. Iranskiĭ yazyki I: yugo-zapadnye iranskiĭ yazyki, Moscow, 1997, pp. 154–66.
- ↑ G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. pp. 29–41
- ↑ A. G. Ravan Farhadi, Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d’un recuil de quatrains populaires de région de Kâbol, Paris, 1955.
- ↑ Idem, The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kāboli Dari (Persian), Compared to the Literary Language, Kabul, 1975
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ A. Pisowicz, Origins of the New and Middle Persian phonological systems (Cracow 1985), p. 112-114, 117.
- ↑ Farhadi, Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d’un recuil de quatrains populaires de région de Kâbol, Paris, 1955, pp. 64–67
- ↑ V. S.Rastorgueva, A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar, tr. Herbert H. Paper, Bloomington, Ind., and The Hague, 1963, pp. 9–10
- ↑ G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. p. 37
- ↑ G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. pp. 35–36