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[[File:Hajduk Veljko Petrovic.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Hajduk-Veljko]], a prominent Serbian outlaw fighting against Ottoman occupation during the first half of the 19th century.]]
[[File:Hajduk Veljko Petrovic.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Hajduk-Veljko]], a prominent Serbian outlaw fighting against Ottoman occupation during the first half of the 19th century.]]


A '''hajduk''' ({{langx|hu|hajdúk}}, plural of {{lang|hu|hajdú}} {{gloss|foot-soldier}}) is a type of [[Irregular military|irregular]] infantry found in [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], and parts of [[Southeast Europe]] from the late 16th to mid 19th centuries, especially from [[Hajdú–Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar county]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=hajdú {{!}} Magyar etimológiai szótár {{!}} Kézikönyvtár |url=https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-etimologiai-szotar-F14D3/h-F2416/hajdu-F2447/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.arcanum.com |language=hu}}</ref> They have reputations ranging from [[bandit]]s to [[freedom fighter]]s depending on time, place, and their enemies.
A '''hajduk''' ({{langx|hu|hajdúk}}, plural of {{lang|hu|hajdú}} {{gloss|foot-soldier}}) was initially a type of [[Irregular military|irregular]] infantry found in [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], and parts of [[Southeast Europe]] from the late 16th to mid 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=hajdú {{!}} Magyar etimológiai szótár {{!}} Kézikönyvtár |url=https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-etimologiai-szotar-F14D3/h-F2416/hajdu-F2447/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.arcanum.com |language=hu}}</ref> Eventually the term was used for armed outlaws. The two categories share a reputation ranging from [[bandit]]s to [[freedom fighter]]s, depending on time, place, and their enemies.  


In the European lands of the Ottoman Empire, the term ''hajduk'' was used to describe bandits and [[brigands]] of the [[Balkans]], while in [[Central Europe]] for the [[West Slavs]], [[Hungarians]], and [[Germans]], and [[Eastern Europe]] for the [[Ukrainians]], it was used to refer to [[outlaw]]s who protected Christians against provocative actions by the Ottomans.<ref name="Agoston">{{cite book|author1=Gabor Agoston|author2=Bruce Alan Masters|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA252|date=21 May 2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|page=252}}</ref>
In the European lands of the Ottoman Empire, the term ''hajduk'' was used to describe bandits and [[brigands]] of the [[Balkans]], while in [[Central Europe]] for the [[West Slavs]], [[Hungarians]], and [[Germans]], and [[Eastern Europe]] for the [[Ukrainians]], it was used to refer to [[outlaw]]s who protected Christians against provocative actions by the Ottomans.<ref name="Agoston">{{cite book|author1=Gabor Agoston|author2=Bruce Alan Masters|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA252|date=21 May 2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|page=252}}</ref> The term originates from [[Hajdú County]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=hajdú {{!}} Magyar etimológiai szótár {{!}} Kézikönyvtár |url=https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-etimologiai-szotar-F14D3/h-F2416/hajdu-F2447/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.arcanum.com |language=hu}}</ref>


By the 17th century they were firmly established in the Ottoman Balkans, owing to increased taxes, Christian victories against the Ottomans, and a general decline in security. Hajduk bands predominantly numbered one hundred men each, with a firm hierarchy under one leader. They targeted Ottoman representatives and rich people, mainly rich Turks, for plunder, punishment to oppressive Ottomans, revenge, or a combination of all.<ref name="Agoston" />
By the 17th century they were firmly established in the Ottoman Balkans, owing to increased taxes, Christian victories against the Ottomans, and a general decline in security. Hajduk bands typically consisted of one hundred men, with a clear hierarchy under a single leader. They targeted Ottoman representatives and rich people, mainly rich Turks, for plunder, punishment of oppressive Ottomans, revenge, or a combination of all.<ref name="Agoston" />


In Balkan folkloric tradition, the hajduk is a romanticised hero figure who steals from, and leads his fighters into battle against, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman authorities]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sophoulis |first1=Sophoulis |title=Banditry in the Medieval Balkans, 800-1500 |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-0305-5905-2 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPoFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127}}</ref> They are comparable to the English legendary [[Robin Hood]] and his merry men, who stole from the rich (who as in the case of the hajduk happened to also be [[military occupation|foreign occupiers]]) and gave to the poor, while defying seemingly unjust laws and authority.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
In Balkan folkloric tradition, the hajduk is a romanticised hero figure who steals from, and leads his fighters into battle against, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman authorities]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sophoulis |first1=Sophoulis |title=Banditry in the Medieval Balkans, 800-1500 |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-0305-5905-2 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPoFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127}}</ref>  


People that helped hajduks were called jataks. Jataks lived in villages and towns and provided food and shelter for hajduks. In return, hajduks would give them part of the loot.
People that helped hajduks were called jataks. Jataks lived in villages and towns and provided food and shelter for hajduks. In return, hajduks would give them part of the loot.
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===Kingdom of Hungary===
===Kingdom of Hungary===
[[File:Bocskai and his hajdú warriors.jpg|thumb|István Bocskay and his hajduk warriors]]
[[File:Bocskai and his hajdú warriors.jpg|thumb|István Bocskay and his hajduk warriors]]
[[File:John-smith-in-europe.webp|thumb|upright=1.6|Captain John Smith adventures against the Turks Top raising the siege of Oberlimbach; Middle three duels with Hajdus; Bottom granted a coat of Arms; captured by the Turks and escaping slavery]]
In 1604-1606, [[István Bocskay]], Lord of [[Bihar (county)|Bihar]], led an insurrection against the [[Habsburg]] [[Emperor]], whose army had recently occupied [[Transylvania]] and begun a reign of terror. The bulk of Bocskay's army was composed of [[serf]]s who had either fled from the war and the Habsburg drive toward [[Catholic]] conversion, or been discharged from the Imperial Army. These [[peasant]]s, freelance soldiers, were known as the ''hajduks''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Benjamin Curtis |title=The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty |date=2013 |publisher=A & C Black |isbn=9781441145499 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmaShxT-G7cC&pg=PA111}}</ref> As a reward for their service, Bocskay emancipated the hajduk from the jurisdiction of their lords, granted them land, and guaranteed them rights to own property and to personal freedom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pálffy |first1=Géza |title=Hungary Between Two Empires 1526–1711 |date=2021 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253054647 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTUmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119}}</ref> The emancipated hajduk constituted a new "warrior estate" within Hungarian [[feudal]] society.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ludanyi |editor1-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Cadzow |editor2-first=John F. |editor3-last=Elteto |editor3-first=Louis J. |title=Transylvania The Roots of Ethnic Conflict |date=1983 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=9780873382830 |page=87}}</ref> Many of the settlements created at this time still bear the prefix ''Hajdú'' such as Hajdúbagos, [[Hajdúböszörmény]], Hajdúdorog, Hajdúhadház, Hajdúnánás, Hajdúsámson, [[Hajdúszoboszló]], Hajdúszovát, Hajdúvid etc., and the whole area is called ''Hajdúság'' (Land of the Hajduk) (see [[Hajdú (county)|Hajdú County]]).
In 1604-1606, [[István Bocskay]], Lord of [[Bihar (county)|Bihar]], led an insurrection against the [[Habsburg]] [[Emperor]], whose army had recently occupied [[Transylvania]] and begun a reign of terror. The bulk of Bocskay's army was composed of [[serf]]s who had either fled from the war and the Habsburg drive toward [[Catholic]] conversion, or been discharged from the Imperial Army. These [[peasant]]s, freelance soldiers, were known as the ''hajduks''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Benjamin Curtis |title=The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty |date=2013 |publisher=A & C Black |isbn=9781441145499 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmaShxT-G7cC&pg=PA111}}</ref> As a reward for their service, Bocskay emancipated the hajduk from the jurisdiction of their lords, granted them land, and guaranteed them rights to own property and to personal freedom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pálffy |first1=Géza |title=Hungary Between Two Empires 1526–1711 |date=2021 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253054647 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTUmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119}}</ref> The emancipated hajduk constituted a new "warrior estate" within Hungarian [[feudal]] society.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ludanyi |editor1-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Cadzow |editor2-first=John F. |editor3-last=Elteto |editor3-first=Louis J. |title=Transylvania The Roots of Ethnic Conflict |date=1983 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=9780873382830 |page=87}}</ref> Many of the settlements created at this time still bear the prefix ''Hajdú'' such as Hajdúbagos, [[Hajdúböszörmény]], Hajdúdorog, Hajdúhadház, Hajdúnánás, Hajdúsámson, [[Hajdúszoboszló]], Hajdúszovát, Hajdúvid etc., and the whole area is called ''Hajdúság'' (Land of the Hajduk) (see [[Hajdú (county)|Hajdú County]]).


The Hajdú have always been an important pillar of Hungarian society and its defence. During the great Turkish attack of 1551/52, it was possible to recruit several hundred or even several thousand Hajdú troops from the Nyírség-Debrecen region for an action against the Turks. Among the Hungarians, the Hajdú lifestyle was significant. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, we know of tens of thousands of hajdú, who were also the first to fight in wars in the first half of the 17th century. Their activities were significant both as mercenaries and as Defence Forces. Hajdú life provided social mobility, as their success was illustrated by the fact that, although they were born as peasant or petty nobles, they often received substantial land donations from the ruler and became quasi-nobility. <ref>{{Cite web |title=- A BIHARI — BERETTYÓÚJFALUI HAJDÚK |url=https://www.sulinet.hu/oroksegtar/data/telepulesek_ertekei/Berettyoujfalu/pages/009_berettyoujfalui_hajduk.htm |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.sulinet.hu}}</ref>
The Hajdú have always been an important pillar of Hungarian society and its defence. During the great Turkish attack of 1551/52, it was possible to recruit several hundred or even several thousand Hajdú troops from the Nyírség-Debrecen region for an action against the Turks. Among the Hungarians, the Hajdú lifestyle was significant. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, we know of tens of thousands of hajdú, who were also the first to fight in wars in the first half of the 17th century. Their activities were significant both as mercenaries and as Defence Forces. Hajdú life provided social mobility, as their success was illustrated by the fact that, although they were born as peasant or petty nobles, they often received substantial land donations from the ruler and became quasi-nobility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- A BIHARI — BERETTYÓÚJFALUI HAJDÚK |url=https://www.sulinet.hu/oroksegtar/data/telepulesek_ertekei/Berettyoujfalu/pages/009_berettyoujfalui_hajduk.htm |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.sulinet.hu}}</ref>


===Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth===
===Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth===
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In the mid-17th century hajduk-style infantry largely fell out of fashion in Poland-Lithuania, and were replaced by [[musket]]-armed infantry of Western style. However, commanders or [[hetman]]s of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] continued to maintain their own liveried bodyguards of hajduks, well into the 18th century as something of a throwback to the past, even though they were now rarely used as field troops. In imitation of these bodyguards, in the 18th century wealthy members of the [[szlachta]] hired liveried domestic servants whom they called hajduks, thereby creating the meaning of the term 'hajduk' as it is generally understood in modern Polish.<ref>[[Richard Brzezinski]], ''Polish Armies 1569-1696'', volume 1, London: Osprey Military Publishing, 1987, p.&nbsp;21, 39-41 (also contains six contemporary illustrations of Polish hajduks, besides several modern reconstructions by [[Angus McBride]]).</ref>
In the mid-17th century hajduk-style infantry largely fell out of fashion in Poland-Lithuania, and were replaced by [[musket]]-armed infantry of Western style. However, commanders or [[hetman]]s of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] continued to maintain their own liveried bodyguards of hajduks, well into the 18th century as something of a throwback to the past, even though they were now rarely used as field troops. In imitation of these bodyguards, in the 18th century wealthy members of the [[szlachta]] hired liveried domestic servants whom they called hajduks, thereby creating the meaning of the term 'hajduk' as it is generally understood in modern Polish.<ref>[[Richard Brzezinski]], ''Polish Armies 1569-1696'', volume 1, London: Osprey Military Publishing, 1987, p.&nbsp;21, 39-41 (also contains six contemporary illustrations of Polish hajduks, besides several modern reconstructions by [[Angus McBride]]).</ref>


===Serbian Militia (1718–39)===
===Serbian Militia (1718–46)===
{{main|Serbian Militia (1718–39)}}
{{main|Serbian Militia (1718–46)}}
The Serbs established a Hajduk army that supported the Austrians.<ref name=Popovic1950>{{cite book|author=Душан Ј Поповић|title=Србија и Београд од Пожаревачког до Београдског мира, 1718-1739|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdcbAAAAMAAJ|year=1950|pages=42–43}}</ref> The army was divided into 18 companies, in four groups.<ref name="Drašković1987">{{cite book|author=Radovan M. Drašković|title=Valjevo u prošlosti: prilozi za zavičajnu istoriju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6UMAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|page=22|publisher=Milić Rakić |isbn=9788671730082|quote=Хајдучка војска била је подељена на 18 компанија, које су се распореЬивале у 4 групе.}}</ref> In this period, the most notable obor-kapetans were [[Vuk Isaković]] from [[Crna Bara (Bogatić)|Crna Bara]], [[Mlatišuma]] from [[Kragujevac]] and [[Kosta Dimitrijević]] from [[Paraćin]].<ref name=Popovic1950/>
The Serbs established a Hajduk army that supported the Austrians.<ref name=Popovic1950>{{cite book|author=Душан Ј Поповић|title=Србија и Београд од Пожаревачког до Београдског мира, 1718-1739|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdcbAAAAMAAJ|year=1950|pages=42–43}}</ref> The army was divided into 18 companies, in four groups.<ref name="Drašković1987">{{cite book|author=Radovan M. Drašković|title=Valjevo u prošlosti: prilozi za zavičajnu istoriju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6UMAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|page=22|publisher=Milić Rakić |isbn=9788671730082|quote=Хајдучка војска била је подељена на 18 компанија, које су се распореЬивале у 4 групе.}}</ref> In this period, the most notable obor-kapetans were [[Vuk Isaković]] from [[Crna Bara (Bogatić)|Crna Bara]], [[Mlatišuma]] from [[Kragujevac]] and [[Kosta Dimitrijević]] from [[Paraćin]].<ref name=Popovic1950/>


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==Notable hajduks==
==Notable hajduks==
===Albanian===
* [[Çerçiz Topulli]] (1880–1915), important figure during the [[Albanian National Awakening]] and Albanian national hero
===Armenian===
===Armenian===
[[File:Andranik hat.png|thumb|172px|General Andranik Ozanian, wearing his uniform and medals with a ''[[papakha]]'' hat]]
[[File:Andranik Ozanyan, ca. 1919.png|thumb|172px|General Andranik Ozanian, wearing his uniform and medals with a ''[[papakha]]'' hat]]


* [[Arabo]] (1863–1893)
* [[Arabo]] (1863–1893)
Line 84: Line 89:
* [[Andranik]] (1865–1927)
* [[Andranik]] (1865–1927)
* [[Kevork Chavush]] (1870–1907)
* [[Kevork Chavush]] (1870–1907)
===Albanian===
* [[Çerçiz Topulli]] (1880–1915), important figure during the [[Albanian National Awakening]] and Albanian national hero


===Bulgarian===
===Bulgarian===
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{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


=== Macedonian ===
=== Croatian ===
* [[Karposh]]
* [[Petar Mrkonjić]] (fl. 1645–69), Venetian-employed guerrilla
 
* [[Ilija Perajica]] (fl. 1685), Venetian-employed guerrilla leader
===Romanian===
* [[Ivan Bušić Roša]] (1745–1783), Venetian-employed guerrilla leader
* [[Iancu Jianu]] (1787–1842), hajduk in Oltenia, participant of the Wallachian Uprising
* [[Ivo Senjanin]] (d. 1612), Habsburg ''uskok''
* {{ill|Popa Șapcă|ro}} ({{floruit}} 1848–64), priest and hajduk in Oltenia, participant in the [[1848 Revolutions]] in [[Wallachia]]
* [[Andrijica Šimić]] (1833–1905), outlaw in Herzegovina
* [[Pintea the Brave]] (d. 1703), rebel in the area of [[Maramureș]].
* [[Mijat Tomić]] (1610–1656), brigand leader in Ottoman Bosnia
* {{ill|Anghel Panait|ro}}
* [[Vuk Mandušić]] (?-1648), Venetian-employed guerrilla
* {{ill|Andrei Popa|ro}} (1790–1818)


===Greek===
===Greek===
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{{Main|Betyárs}}
{{Main|Betyárs}}


* [[Angyal Bandi]]
* [[Juraj Jánošík]] (1688–1713)
* [[Juraj Jánošík]] (1688–1713)
* [[Sándor Rózsa]] (1813–1878)
* [[Sándor Rózsa]] (1813–1878)
* [[Jóska Sobri]] (1810–1837)
* [[Jóska Sobri]] (1810–1837)


===Ukrainian===
===Romanian===
{{main|Haidamaka}}
* [[Iancu Jianu]] (1787–1842), hajduk in Oltenia, participant of the Wallachian Uprising
[[File:Avramenko doing the 'Dovbush' solo dance.jpg|thumb|Actor playing [[Oleksa Dovbush]]]]
* {{ill|Popa Șapcă|ro}} ({{floruit}} 1848–64), priest and hajduk in Oltenia, participant in the [[1848 Revolutions]] in [[Wallachia]]
* [[Ivan Gonta]] (1721–1768)
* [[Pintea the Brave]] (d. 1703), rebel in the area of [[Maramureș]].
* [[Ustym Karmaliuk]] (1787–1835)
* {{ill|Anghel Panait|ro}}
* [[Maksym Zalizniak]] (1740–1768)
* {{ill|Andrei Popa|ro}} (1790–1818)
===Ukrainian Carpathians===
* [[Radu Anghel]] (1827-1865)  
{{main|Opryshky}}
* [[Oleksa Dovbush]] (1700-1745)
 
===Czech, Polish and Slovak===
* [[Juraj Jánošík]] (1688–1713)
* [[Matěj Ondra z Leskovce]]
* [[Ondráš]]


===Serbian===
===Serbian===
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{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


=== Croatian ===
===Slovak===
* [[Ivo Senjanin]] (d. 1612), Habsburg ''uskok''
* [[Juraj Jánošík]] (1688–1713)
* [[Mijat Tomić]] (1610–1656), brigand leader in Ottoman Bosnia
 
* [[Petar Mrkonjić]] (fl. 1645–69), Venetian-employed guerrilla
===Ukrainian===
* [[Ilija Perajica]] (fl. 1685), Venetian-employed guerrilla leader
{{main|Haidamaka}}
* [[Ivan Bušić Roša]] (1745–1783), Venetian-employed guerrilla leader
[[File:Avramenko doing the 'Dovbush' solo dance.jpg|thumb|Actor playing [[Oleksa Dovbush]]]]
* [[Andrijica Šimić]] (1833–1905), outlaw in Herzegovina
* [[Ivan Gonta]] (1721–1768)
* [[Ustym Karmaliuk]] (1787–1835)
* [[Maksym Zalizniak]] (1740–1768)
 
====Ukrainian Carpathians====
{{main|Opryshky}}
* [[Oleksa Dovbush]] (1700-1745)
 
=== Regions of Macedonia ===
* [[Karposh]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Betyár]]
* [[Hajdú–Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar County]]
* [[Armatoles]]
* [[Armatoles]]
* [[Armenian fedayi]], occasionally referred to as hajduks
* [[Armenian fedayi]], occasionally referred to as hajduks
* [[Banditry]]
* [[Betyár]]
* [[History of the Cossacks|Early Cossacks]], Slavic-Tatar frontier warriors
* [[History of the Cossacks|Early Cossacks]], Slavic-Tatar frontier warriors
* [[Hajdú–Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar County]]
* [[Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića]], a micronation
* [[Hayduke]], term used by environmental activists
* [[Kângë Kreshnikësh]], an Albanian oral tradition of frontier warrior mythology
* [[Kângë Kreshnikësh]], an Albanian oral tradition of frontier warrior mythology
* [[Banditry]]
* [[Irregular military]]
* [[Irregular military]]
* [[Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića]], a micronation
* [[Hayduke]], term used by environmental activists


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:18, 21 November 2025

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File:Welt-Galleria T063.jpg
Illustration of a Hungarian Hajduk, from an 1703 book from Bavaria.
File:Hajduk Veljko Petrovic.jpg
Portrait of Hajduk-Veljko, a prominent Serbian outlaw fighting against Ottoman occupation during the first half of the 19th century.

A hajduk (Template:Langx, plural of Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Gloss) was initially a type of irregular infantry found in Central, Eastern, and parts of Southeast Europe from the late 16th to mid 19th centuries.[1] Eventually the term was used for armed outlaws. The two categories share a reputation ranging from bandits to freedom fighters, depending on time, place, and their enemies.

In the European lands of the Ottoman Empire, the term hajduk was used to describe bandits and brigands of the Balkans, while in Central Europe for the West Slavs, Hungarians, and Germans, and Eastern Europe for the Ukrainians, it was used to refer to outlaws who protected Christians against provocative actions by the Ottomans.[2] The term originates from Hajdú County of the Kingdom of Hungary.[3]

By the 17th century they were firmly established in the Ottoman Balkans, owing to increased taxes, Christian victories against the Ottomans, and a general decline in security. Hajduk bands typically consisted of one hundred men, with a clear hierarchy under a single leader. They targeted Ottoman representatives and rich people, mainly rich Turks, for plunder, punishment of oppressive Ottomans, revenge, or a combination of all.[2]

In Balkan folkloric tradition, the hajduk is a romanticised hero figure who steals from, and leads his fighters into battle against, the Ottoman authorities.[4]

People that helped hajduks were called jataks. Jataks lived in villages and towns and provided food and shelter for hajduks. In return, hajduks would give them part of the loot.

The hajduk of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries commonly were as much guerrilla fighters against the Ottoman rule as they were bandits and highwaymen who preyed not only on Ottomans and their local representatives, but also on local merchants and travellers. As such, the term could also refer to any robber and carry a negative connotation.[5][6]

Etymology

The etymology of the word hajduk is unclear. One theory is that hajduk was derived from the Turkish word haidut or haydut 'bandit', which was originally used by the Ottomans to refer to Hungarian and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth infantry soldiers. Another theory suggests that the word comes from Hungarian hajtó or hajdó (plural hajtók or hajdók) '(cattle) drover'.[7] These two theories do not necessarily contradict each other because the Turkish word haidut or haydut is adapted from the Hungarian hajtó or hajdó, just as many Slavic words were adapted from Turkish in what is known as Turcizam or Turkification.[5][6][8]

Other spellings in English include ajduk, haydut, haiduk, haiduc, hayduck, and hayduk.

<templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"/>

Forms of the word in various languages

Forms of the word in various languages, in singular form, include:

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Irregular military

Template:Main article

Kingdom of Hungary

File:Bocskai and his hajdú warriors.jpg
István Bocskay and his hajduk warriors
File:John-smith-in-europe.webp
Captain John Smith adventures against the Turks Top raising the siege of Oberlimbach; Middle three duels with Hajdus; Bottom granted a coat of Arms; captured by the Turks and escaping slavery

In 1604-1606, István Bocskay, Lord of Bihar, led an insurrection against the Habsburg Emperor, whose army had recently occupied Transylvania and begun a reign of terror. The bulk of Bocskay's army was composed of serfs who had either fled from the war and the Habsburg drive toward Catholic conversion, or been discharged from the Imperial Army. These peasants, freelance soldiers, were known as the hajduks.[10] As a reward for their service, Bocskay emancipated the hajduk from the jurisdiction of their lords, granted them land, and guaranteed them rights to own property and to personal freedom.[11] The emancipated hajduk constituted a new "warrior estate" within Hungarian feudal society.[12] Many of the settlements created at this time still bear the prefix Hajdú such as Hajdúbagos, Hajdúböszörmény, Hajdúdorog, Hajdúhadház, Hajdúnánás, Hajdúsámson, Hajdúszoboszló, Hajdúszovát, Hajdúvid etc., and the whole area is called Hajdúság (Land of the Hajduk) (see Hajdú County).

The Hajdú have always been an important pillar of Hungarian society and its defence. During the great Turkish attack of 1551/52, it was possible to recruit several hundred or even several thousand Hajdú troops from the Nyírség-Debrecen region for an action against the Turks. Among the Hungarians, the Hajdú lifestyle was significant. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, we know of tens of thousands of hajdú, who were also the first to fight in wars in the first half of the 17th century. Their activities were significant both as mercenaries and as Defence Forces. Hajdú life provided social mobility, as their success was illustrated by the fact that, although they were born as peasant or petty nobles, they often received substantial land donations from the ruler and became quasi-nobility.[13]

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

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File:Hajducy.PNG
Polish nobleman and two hajduk guards.

The word hajduk was initially a colloquial term for a style of footsoldier, Hungarian or Turco-Balkan in inspiration, that formed the backbone of the Polish infantry arm from the 1570s until about the 1630s.[14] Unusually for this period, Polish-Lithuanian hajduks wore uniforms, typically of grey-blue woolen cloth, with red collar and cuffs. Their principal weapon was a small calibre matchlock firearm, known as an arquebus. For close combat they also carried a heavy variety of sabre, capable of hacking off the heads of enemy pikes and polearms. Contrary to popular opinion, the small axe they often wore tucked in their belt (not to be confused with the huge half-moon shaped berdysz axe, which was seldom carried by hajduks) was not a combat weapon, but rather was intended for cutting wood.

In the mid-17th century hajduk-style infantry largely fell out of fashion in Poland-Lithuania, and were replaced by musket-armed infantry of Western style. However, commanders or hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth continued to maintain their own liveried bodyguards of hajduks, well into the 18th century as something of a throwback to the past, even though they were now rarely used as field troops. In imitation of these bodyguards, in the 18th century wealthy members of the szlachta hired liveried domestic servants whom they called hajduks, thereby creating the meaning of the term 'hajduk' as it is generally understood in modern Polish.[15]

Serbian Militia (1718–46)

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Cultural influence

The Croatian football team HNK Hajduk Split; Serbian football teams Hajduk Kula, FK Hajduk Beograd, FK Hajduk Veljko and Hajduk Lion; the Macedonian football team FK Hajduk - Vratnica; Czech amateur football team Hajduk Lipník; the pop-music project Haiducii, and Romanian Roma musical troupe Taraful Haiducilor are all named after the hajduci. The surnames of the fictional character George Washington Hayduke, invented by Edward Abbey, actress Stacy Haiduk, US national soccer team defender Frankie Hejduk, Czech Republic national ice hockey team forward Milan Hejduk and Montenegrin theoretical physicist Dragan Hajduković, are likewise derived from this word.

The term "haiduci" was used by the Romanian resistance movement Haiducii Muscelului, between 1947 and 1959, which opposed the Soviet occupation and the Communist government.

In the 2003 viral Moldovan pop song Dragostea Din Tei, the singer begins by introducing himself as a 'haiduc'. In 2004, Haiducii herself released a successful cover of the song.[18][19]

Notable hajduks

Albanian

Armenian

File:Andranik Ozanyan, ca. 1919.png
General Andranik Ozanian, wearing his uniform and medals with a papakha hat

Bulgarian

File:Ilio voivoda.jpg
Bulgarian Macedonian Ilyo Voyvoda (1805–1898), known as "the last hayduk".

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Croatian

Greek

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Hungarian

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Romanian

Serbian

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File:Harambaša from Dalmatia.jpg
Harambaša from Dalmatia in the 19th century.

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Slovak

Ukrainian

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Actor playing Oleksa Dovbush

Ukrainian Carpathians

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Regions of Macedonia

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Найден Геров. 1895-1904. Речник на блъгарский язик.Хайдукъ
  6. ↑ a b Л.Андрейчин и др. 2006. Български тълковен речник. Четвърто издание
  7. ↑ Petrović, Aleksandar. These persons later became soldiers on the Hungarian–Ottoman Serbian border and fought against the Ottoman Turks. The Role of Banditry in the Creation of National States in the Central Balkans During the 19th Century Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  8. ↑ Младенов, Стефан. 1941. Етимологически и правописен речник на българския книжовен език.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Richard Brzezinski, Polish Armies 1569-1696, volume 1, London: Osprey Military Publishing, 1987, p. 21, 39-41 (also contains six contemporary illustrations of Polish hajduks, besides several modern reconstructions by Angus McBride).
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ М. Ђ. Milićević, Pomenik znamenitih ljudi u srpskog naroda novijeg doba, Beograd 1888, 15
  22. ↑ sr:Иван Мусић

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Further reading

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External links

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