Yonaguni language

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Template:Short description Template:Mcn Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other The Yonaguni language (Script error: No such module "Lang". Dunan Munui) is a Southern Ryukyuan language spoken by around 400 people on the island of Yonaguni, in the Ryukyu Islands, the westernmost of the chain lying just east of Taiwan.[1] It is most closely related to Yaeyama. Due to the Japanese policy on languages, the language is not recognized by the government, which instead calls it the Script error: No such module "Nihongo".. As classified by UNESCO, the Yonaguni language is one of the most endangered languages in all of Japan, after the Ainu language.

Phonology

Vowels

The table below shows the vowels present in the Yonaguni language. Vowels which are only allophonic or marginal appear in parentheses.

Front Central Back
Close Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
Near-close Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
Close-Mid (Script error: No such module "IPA".)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a]
Open Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^a Script error: No such module "IPA". can also be recognized as an independent phoneme and not just as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. However, its distribution is very limited. Excluding a few interjections, the only morpheme in which it appears is the sentence-final, exclamatory particle do.

Consonants

The table below shows the consonants present in the Yonaguni language.

Consonants[2]
Labial Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal 		Palatal Velar Labio-
velar 		Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive lenisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
fortisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Efn
Fricative [[[:Template:IPA link]]]Template:Efn Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Efn Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Efn Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Efn Template:IPA link
Flap Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Template:Notelist

Plosive and affricate phonemes have three-way contrast. Hirayama et al. (1967) describe the contrast as voiceless non-laryngealized, voiceless laryngealized, and voiced.[3] Yamada et al. (2015) describe the contrast as fortis (unaspirated and tense), lenis (weakly aspirated and lax), and voiced. The lenis/fortis distinction neutralized in word-medial positions, both becoming phonetically fortis.[2]

In positions other than prevocalic, all nasals are phonetically homorganic with a following consonant (e.g. ng Script error: No such module "IPA"., nd Script error: No such module "IPA"., nb Script error: No such module "IPA".). Nasals are velar (Script error: No such module "IPA".) in final position.[2]

Phonological cognates

As a Southern Ryukyuan language, Yonaguni, similar to Miyakoan and Yaeyama, has Script error: No such module "IPA". in place with Standard Japanese Script error: No such module "IPA"., such as Yonaguni Script error: No such module "IPA". ('stomach, belly'), cognate with Japanese Script error: No such module "IPA". ('guts, bowels'). Yonaguni also has Script error: No such module "IPA". where Japanese and other Ryukyuan languages have Script error: No such module "IPA". (orthographically y). Thus, for example, Yonaguni Script error: No such module "IPA". ('mountain') is cognate with Japanese and Yaeyama Script error: No such module "IPA". ('id.'). Yonaguni Script error: No such module "IPA". is probably a recent development from an earlier Script error: No such module "IPA"., however, judging from the fact that even the Script error: No such module "IPA". in loanwords of Sinitic origin is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA". by speakers of the Yonaguni language, such as dasai 'vegetables' from Middle Chinese Script error: No such module "IPA". (Template:Linktext). An entry in the late-15th-century Korean annals Seongjong Taewang Sillok records the local name of the island of Yonaguni in Idu script as 閏伊是麼, which has the Middle Korean reading zjuni sima, with sima glossed in the text as the Japonic word for 'island'. That is direct evidence of an intermediate stage of the fortition Script error: No such module "IPA".- > Script error: No such module "IPA".- > Script error: No such module "IPA".-, leading to the modern name Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Yonaguni'.[4]

The Yonaguni language exhibits intervocalic voicing of plosives, as do many Japonic languages. It also exhibits the tendency for Script error: No such module "IPA"., especially when intervocalic, to be pronounced as a velar nasal Script error: No such module "IPA"., as in Standard Japanese.

Syllable structure

Below is the syllable template for Dunan:

(C (G) ) V1 (V2) (N)
  • C = consonant
  • G = glide Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • V = vowel
  • N = moraic nasal

The onset allows for a single consonant with the occasional presence of a glide. The nucleus can contain up to two vowels. The only allowable coda is a moraic nasal.

Writing system

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Template:Urs Yonaguni was once written with a unique writing system called Kaidā logograms. However, after conquest by the Ryukyu Kingdom and later annexation by the Empire of Japan, the logograms were replaced by Japanese kana and Kanji.[5]Template:Fv

Yonaguni Orthography (Ikema 2003)
/a/ /i/ /u/ /e/ /o/ /ja/ /ju/
/Ø/ ア
/a/
[a]		 イ
/i/
[i]		 ウ
/u/
[u]		 エ
/e/
[e]		 オ
/o/
[o]		 ヤ
/ya/
[ja]		 ユ
/yu/
[ju]
/k/ カ
/ka/
[ka]		 キ
/ki/
[ki]		 ク
/ku/
[ku]		 ケ
/ke/
[ke]		 コ
/ko/
[ko]		 キャ
/kya/
[kja]		 キュ
/kyu/
[kju]
/k'/ か
/k'a/
[kˀa]		 き
/k'i/
[kˀi]		 く
/k'u/
[kˀu]		 け
/k'e/
[kˀe]		 こ
/k'o/
[kˀo]
/g/ ガ
/ga/
[ga]		 ギ
/gi/
[gi]		 グ
/gu/
[gu]		 ゲ
/ge/
[ge]		 ゴ
/go/
[go]		 ギャ
/gya/
[gja]		 ギュ
/gyu/
[gju]
/ŋ/ カ゚
/ŋa/
[ŋa]		 キ゚
/ŋi/
[ŋi]		 ク゚
/ŋu/
[ŋu]		 ケ゚
/ŋe/
[ŋe]		 コ゚
/ŋo/
[ŋo]
/s/ サ
/sa/
[sa]		 シ
/ɕi/
[ɕi]		 ス
/su/
[su]		 セ
/se/
[se]		 ソ
/so/
[so]		 シャ
/ɕa/
[ɕa]		 シュ
/ɕu/
[ɕu]
/t/ タ
/ta/
[ta]		 ティ
/ti/
[ti]		 トゥ
/tu/
[tu]		 テ
/te/
[te]		 ト
/to/
[to]
/t'/ た
/t'a/
[tˀa]		 てぃ
/t'i/
[tˀi]		 とぅ
/t'u/
[tˀu]		 て
/t'e/
[tˀe]		 と
/t'o/
[tˀo]
/d/ ダ
/da/
[da]		 ディ
/di/
[di]		 ドゥ
/du/
[du]		 デ
/de/
[de]		 ド
/do/
[do]
/ts'/ ツャ
/ts'a/
[tsˀa]		 チ
/tɕ'i/
[tɕˀi]		 ツ
/ts'u/
[tsˀu]
/n/ ナ
/na/
[na]		 ニ
/ni/
[ni]		 ヌ
/nu/
[nu]		 ネ
/ne/
[ne]		 ノ
/no/
[no]
/h/ ハ
/ha/
[ha]		 ヒ
/hi/
[çi]		 フ
/hu/
[hu]		 ヘ
/he/
[he]		 ホ
/ho/
[ho]		 ヒャ
/ça/
[hja]		 ヒュ
/çu/
[hju]
/p/ パ
/pa/
[pa]		 ピ
/pi/
[pi]		 プ
/pu/
[pu]		 ペ
/pe/
[pe]		 ポ
/po/
[po]		 ピャ
/pya/
[pja]		 ピュ
/pyu/
[pju]
/b/ バ
/ba/
[ba]		 ビ
/bi/
[bi]		 ブ
/bu/
[bu]		 ベ
/be/
[be]		 ボ
/bo/
[bo]		 ビャ
/bya/
[bja]		 ビュ
/byu/
[bju]
/m/ マ
/ma/
[ma]		 ミ
/mi/
[mi]		 ム
/mu/
[mu]		 メ
/me/
[me]		 モ
/mo/
[mo]
/w/ ワ
/wa/
[wa]
/r/ ラ
/ra/
[ɾa]		 リ
/ri/
[ɾi]		 ル
/ru/
[ɾu]		 レ
/re/
[ɾe]		 ロ
/ro/
[ɾo]
ン
/N/*
[n, m, ŋ]		 ー
/ː/
[ː]		 ッ (final)
/ʔ/
[ʔ]		 ッ
/Q/
[k, g, s, ts, t, d, h, b, p]

* /m/ before labial consonants and /ŋ/ before velar consonants. Example ディンブンキルン [dimbuŋkirun] "to have a goal for".

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "Lang".. "Script error: No such module "Lang".." Script error: No such module "Lang".. Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1997. Print. Template:In lang (Template:ISBN)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".. "Script error: No such module "Lang".." Script error: No such module "Lang".. 4 (1975): Print. Template:In lang
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".. Script error: No such module "Lang".. Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1964. Print. Template:In lang
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".. "Script error: No such module "Lang".". Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1987. Print. Template:In lang
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".. "Script error: No such module "Lang".". Script error: No such module "Lang". 35, 95-105, 2008. Template:In lang
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".. "Script error: No such module "Lang".(Script error: No such module "Lang".,Script error: No such module "Lang".)". Script error: No such module "Lang". : Script error: No such module "Lang". 16, 17-74, 2004 Template:In lang
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".. どぅなんむぬい辞典第二版. 与那国町: 与那国著教育委員会. 2021. Print. (in Japanese)

External links

Template:Sister projectTemplate:Japonic languages Template:Japanese language Template:Languages of Japan

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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