Yine language

Yine is the principle variety of Piro, which is a Maipurean language spoken in Peru. It belongs to the Piro group which also includes the nearly extinct Iñapari and Apurinã. The Manchineri who live in Brazil (Acre) and reportedly also in Bolivia speak what may be a dialect of Yine (Aikhenvald, Kaufman). A vocabulary labeled Canamaré is "so close to Piro [Yine] as to count as Piro", but has been a cause of confusion with the unrelated Kanamarí language.

Names

This language is also called Contaquiro, Pira, Piro, Pirro, Simiranch, or Simirinche. Cushichineri has been reported as a language, but is actually a family name used with Whites (Matteson 1965). The name Mashco has sometimes been incorrectly applied to the Yine. (See Mashco Piro.)

Varieties

Varieties of Piro (Yine):Template:Rp

• Chontaquiro (Simirinche, Upatarinavo): Ucayali River
• Manchineri (Manatinavo): Purus River
• Kushichineri (Kuxiti-neri, Kujigeneri, Cusitinavo): upper Purus River in Peru (in 1886, spoken on the Curumahá River or Curanja River, and probably also on the Cujar River)
• Kuniba (Kunibo): Juruá River
• Katukina: Juruá River. Documented by Natterer (1833). Not to be confused with the unrelated Katukina language.
• Canamare (Canamirim, Canamary): Iaco River, a tributary of the Purus River. Documented by Spix (1819). Not to be confused with the unrelated Kanamarí language.
• Mashco-Piro: Madre de Dios River

Demographics

As of 2000, essentially all of the 4,000 ethnic Yine people speak the language. They live in the Ucayali and Cusco Departments, near the Ucayali River, and near the Madre de Dios River in the Madre de Dios Region in Peru. Literacy is comparatively high. A dictionary has been published in the language and the language is taught alongside Spanish in some Yine schools. There are also a thousand speakers of Machinere.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Mid	Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Open		Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink

• Vowels are nasalized after Template:IPAslink.

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Plosive	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink			Template:IPAlink
Affricate		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Fricative		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Flap		Template:IPAlink
Approximant	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink

• /w/ is heard as a bilabial approximant Template:IPAblink when before a close vowel.
• /n/ is heard as Template:IPAblink before /k/.
• /ɾ/ can be trilled Template:IPAblink when in word-initial position.

Syntax

Piro has an active–stative syntax.

Further reading

• Template:Cite JIPA

References

• Matteson, Esther. (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) language. University of California Publications in Linguistics, 42. Berkeley y Los Angeles: University of California Press. (Es la tesis para doctorado presentada en 1963 a la University of California, Los Angeles.)
• Nies, Joyce, compilador. (1986). Diccionario piro (Tokanchi gikshijikowaka-steno). Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22. Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Parker, Stephen. (1989). "Un análisis métrico del acento en el piro". Estudios etno-lingüísticos, Stephen Parker (ed.), pp. 114–125. Documento de trabajo 21. Yarinacocha, Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educación e Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Solís Fonseca, Gustavo. (2003). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda.
• Urquía Sebastián, Rittma. (2006). Yine. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma.
• Urquía Sebastián, Rittma and Wagner Urquía Sebastián. (2009). Diccionario yine–castellano
• Template:Cite thesis

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