Yi Kang

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Family name hatnote

Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:Infobox Chinese/HeaderTemplate:Infobox Chinese/KoreanTemplate:Infobox Chinese/Footer Yi Kang, Prince Imperial Ui (Korean: Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".; 30 March 1877 – 15 August 1955), also known as Prince Uihwa (1891–1900) or King Ui (1900–1955) was the second son of Emperor Gojong of Korea and his concubine, Lady Jang, who was a court lady-in-waiting.

In 1891, his father King Gojong issued a decree naming Yi "Prince Uihwa" with the style of Royal Highness. Yi married Lady Kim Deok-su, the daughter of court official Kim Sajun.

Upon declaration of Korean Empire in 1897, Yi was enthroned as King Ui or Prince Imperial Ui by his father Emperor Gojong of Korea in 1900 along with his younger brother, Yi Un.

Biography

Education and early life

Despite being born as a son of Gojong of Korea, there are not many official records about his early life, which may be a result of having been borne by Lady Jang, a court lady-in-waiting of King Gojong but not the king's official consort or concubine during her lifetime. Lady Jang came from the Deoksu Jang clan, and Queen Inseon (Hyojong of Joseon's queen consort) was her distant relative.Template:Refn According to the tradition, the half-brothers of the crown prince, in this case, Yi Cheok (future Sunjong of Korea), needed to move out from the palace until the latter reached the age 10, so there were some years that Yi Kang lived with Pak Yung-hio, the son-in-law of King Cheoljong.[1] During the Gapsin Coup in 1884, Yi Kang and his mother were taken by Pak Yung-hio to the palace; contemporary rumors claimed that the coup d'état tried to replace the king with Yi Kang;[2] but after the coup ended, Yi left the palace again.

Later, Queen Min, Gojong's wife, asked her husband to grant Yi Kang a title, so Yi Kang became Prince Uihwa (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) in 1891.[3] After three rounds of choosing in 1893,[4] the daughter of an official Kim Sa-jun, Lady Kim Deok-su, was chosen to be the spouse of Yi Kang, which was arranged by Queen Min.[5] Lady Kim, also known as "Lady Kim of Deokindang", was a distant relative to Queen Inmok, the queen consort of Seonjo of Joseon in the early 17th century;Template:Refn Yi Kang did not have children by her. Even after getting married, Yi Kang got involved in debt and lawsuit problems.[5]

Prince Yi Kang was appointed special ambassador to the Empire of Japan for the celebration ceremonies for Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895.[6] Yun Chi-ho, who met Yi before going Europe, assessed him as a smart 18 years old who had a good personality like his father but whom worried to study abroad.[7] In August 1895, Yi was appointed as Special ambassador and visited some European countries including, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, Italy and Austria-Hungary.[6] In 1899, he in Japan. According to Japanese record, 3,000 Won was sent for Yi.[8] While he was not in Korea, Yi Kang was promoted to the rank of Prince Imperial Ui, and styled His Imperial Highness in 1900.[9] At the same year, he went to the United States and began studies at Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia from March 1901, where he majored in mathematics.[10] While he was in the United States, the Korean Government gave him 30,000 Won in 1902.[11] While in America, Yi was beaten by some Americans in 1903.[12] In 1904, some Korean foreign students tried to dethrone Gojong and make Yi the emperor.[13] After graduation, he spent a brief period at the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, and then traveled to San Francisco and Hawaii, returning to Korea on 15 March 1906.[10][14] Same year, he got Order of the Golden Ruler.[15] On 8 April 1906, Yi was appointed as Lieutenant General (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".).[16] He was appointed as Chanmogwan and was ordered to participate in the Military parade in Empire of Japan.[17] He received 1st class of Order of the Paulownia Flowers from the Japanese Government while he was in Japan.[18]

Prince Yi Kang served as the president of the Korean Red Cross from 1906 to 1907.[18] On 15 January 1907, Yi persuaded civilians and military personnels to raise Righteous army.[19] When Emperor Gojong abdicated and Emperor Sunjong succeeded as the Emperor, Yi was not appointed as the crown prince, but his younger brother, Yi Un, was appointed as the crown prince because, Yi did not receive public support and Gojong did not like him. Also, Imperial Consort Sunheon bribed Itō Hirobumi, who was the Japanese Resident General of Korea, to appoint her son as the crown prince.[20] When Itō Hirobumi was assassinated by An Jung-geun, Yi was ordered to participate the funeral as deputy of Korean Imperial House.[21] But the order was canceled and Minister of Imperial Household Template:Ill was sent instead.[22]

Under Japanese rule

File:李堈 Yi Kang 의친왕 이강 1877-1955.jpg
Duke Yi Kang in Imperial Japanese dress uniform in 1934

Following the abdication of Emperor Gojong in 1907, and the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 by which Korea was annexed to the Empire of Japan, Prince Yi Kang grew increasingly dissatisfied with his status, even though the Japanese provided him with a huge annual allowance. At the same time, the title "Prince Imperial Ui" was abolished and also received a reduction in rank to Duke by Japanese until 1930.[23]

During the March 1st Movement, Yi participated as one of the representatives of Korea.[24] Since Yi used to study abroad and know much about the world, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea wanted Yi to join the government. After the escape of Gim Ga-jin, an Imperial Korean official before, the Provisional Government's objective was Yi's refuge to Shanghai.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". On 9 November 1919, he collaborated with Choe Ik-hwan, a member of Template:Ill, who attempted to support him as the new leader of Korea. Prince Yi Kang then tried to escape to the Provisional Government of Korea based in Shanghai, only to be discovered in Dandong from Manchuria and returned to his home country.[25] Lee Jong-Wook got orders from Ahn Changho to accompany Yi and help escape of Yi. With the help of Cheon Un-boek, who was an employee of the Japanese General Government Building, Yi successfully met Lee Jong-Wook, who came to rescue him. Yi faked his face by attaching mustaches on his face. However, Yi was caught near the Dandong Station, which is located in Zhenxing District.[26] On 13 November 1919, Yi was sent back to Keijō by Japanese police force.[27] After this, the Japanese government claimed that Yi Kang was "abducted" and "wanted to escape to live profligately again".[28] Later, Yi Kang asked to deprive his title multiple times but he wasn't approved. Yi's home became part of Deoksugung.[27]

On 20 November 1919, Yi had an interview with Tongnip Sinmun. He said that he would rather be a peasant of the independent Korea than a noble of Empire of Japan.[29] His exile promoted a positive view towards the Imperial family, and the Japanese attempted to devalue the exile as a trivial issue.[30]

During the tenure of Saitō Makoto, Saitō met Yi many times and tried to change his stance about the independence.[31] As of 10 November 1925, a law for defining the status of the former Korean imperial family was made; on 12 June 1930, Yi Kang officially retired and his eldest son Yi Geon succeeded him as duke, but Yi Kang's styles and allowances still remained until the end of World War II.[32][33]

In 1930, due to Yi's continuous independent movement activities against Japan, Yi was stripped of his Duke rank by Japan and became a commoner. His 'Duke' title was inherited to his eldest son Yi Geon. Throughout the Japanese rule, there were only few members of Yi Kang family recognized by Japan: Yi Kang himself, his wife Kim Deok-su (Duchess Consort of Yi Kang), his eldest son Duke Yi Geon with his family, and his second son Duke Yi U (adopted as the heir to Duke Yi Jun-yong in 1917) with his family.[34]

After Independence

After the independence of Korea, he continued to live in Seoul, but in increasing poverty.[35] On 9 August 1955 he was baptized a Roman Catholic, given the Christian name "Pius"; Lady Kim was also baptized and given the name of "Maria".[36] Yi said that the reason why he was baptized a Roman Catholic was to apologize for the Anti-Catholic of Joseon led by Heungseon Daewongun.[37] Yi Kang died a week later on 15 August 1955, at the age of 78, in his mansion "Seongrakwon" Manor (now Seongnagwon Garden, in Seongbuk District, Seoul); he was buried at the Hongneung and Yureung imperial tombs in Namyangju near Seoul,[38] where his father and brothers are also buried.[39] His official heritor was chosen as his third son, Yi Bang on 30 June 1970.[40]

Family

Prince Imperial Ui, Yi Kang married Kim Deok-su (22 December 1880 – 14 January 1964) in 1892; however, the couple had no children. Therefore, all children Yi Gang had, 12 sons and 9 daughters, were born by 13 of his various concubines. Since his first son Yi Geon was naturalized to Japan, and his second to fifth sons were adopted by royal relatives, his sixth son, Yi Gon became the successor of Yi Kang. Currently Yi Gon's first son, Yi Jun(1961~) is the current heir of Prince Imperial Ui and is the chairperson of Prince Imperial Ui Memorial Foundation.[35]

Wife

Name Hanja and Korean Birth Death Bon-gwan Parents Issue
Kim Suk
[41][42]Template:Refn 		金淑
김숙 		22 December 1880 14 January 1964 Yeonan Kim clan Baron Kim Sa-jun
Lady Hwang of the Changwon Hwang clan 		No issue

Concubines

Courtesy Title Name Issue
Lady Jeong of Sugwan Hall (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) Lady Jeong (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
Lady Kim of Suin Hall (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) Kim Heung-in (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 2nd son: Yi U (b. 1912)
  • 5th son: Yi Ju (b. 1917)
  • 6th son: Yi Gon (b. 1919)
Lady Jeong of Suhyeon Hall (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) Jeong Un-seok (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 3rd son: Yi Bang (b. 1914)
— Cho Byeong-suk (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 4th son: Yi Chang (b. 1915)
Lady Yi of Sudeok Hall (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) Yi Hui-chun (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 1st daughter: Yi Hae-wan (b. 1918)
  • 2nd daughter: Yi Hae-won (b. 1919)
Lady Kim of Suwan Hall (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) Kim Jeong-wan (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 3rd daughter: Yi Hae-chun (b. 1920)
Lady Park of Sugil Hall (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) Park Yeong-hui (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 4th daughter: Yi Hae-suk (b. 1920)
— Lady Song (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 7th son: Yi Kwang (b. 1920)
Lady Kim of Sugyeong Hall (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) Kim Chang-hui (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 8th son: Yi Hyun (b. 1922)
— Kim Geum-deok (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
— Ham Gae-bong (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 9th son: Yi Gap (b. 1938)
— Kim Hye-su (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 6th daughter: Yi Hoe-ja (b. 1940)
  • 11th son: Yi Hwan (b. 1944)
  • 9th daughter: Yi Chang-hui (b. 1953)
— Hong Jeong-sun (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".)
  • 10th son: Yi Seok (b. 1941)
  • 7th daughter: Yi Hae-ran (b. 1944)
  • 12th son: Yi Jeong (b. 1947)
  • 8th daughter: Yi Haeryeon (b. 1950)

Sons

Name Hanja Birth Name Registered Name Birth Death Notes Family
1 Yi Geon
이건 		李鍵 Yi Yong-gil
이용길 		— 1909 1990
  • Acquired the duke title in 1930 after his father
  • Naturalized as a Japanese citizen in 1947 and changed the name to "Momoyama Kenichi" (桃山虔一)
  • Wife: Matsudaira Yoshiko (松平誠子), daughter of Captain Matsudaira Yutaka and a first cousin of Yi Bangja. They had two sons and a daughter; divorced in 1951
  • Wife: Maeda Yoshiko (前田美子), daughter of Maeda Fujiyoshi. They had a son and two daughters[43]
2 Yi U
이우 		李鍝 Yi Seong-gil
이성길 		— 1912 1945
  • Adopted as the heir to Duke Yi Jun in 1917
3 Yi Bang
이방 		李鎊 Yi Heung-gil
이흥길 		Yi Hae-jin
이해진 		1914 1951
4 Yi Chang
이창 		李鎗 Yi Chang-gil
이창길 		Yi Hae-jik
이해직 		1915 ?
  • Adopted as the heir to Template:Ill (1886–1921), a 4th cousin of Yi Kang
  • He died in the United States
  • Wife: Cho Ui-hye (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".); they had two sons and two daughters[45]
5 Yi Ju
이주 		李鑄 Yi Su-gil
이수길 		Yi Hae-il
이해일 		1917 1982
  • Wife: Cheongija (천기자/千枝子), a Japanese; they had two sons and two daughters
  • Wife: Kim Sin-deok (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".);[49] they had a son
6 Yi Gon
이곤 		李錕 Yi Myung-gil
이명길 		1919 1984
  • The heir to his father upon the death of Yi Kang
  • Wife: Hwang Gyung-saeng (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".);[50] Their son Yi Jun is the current successor of Yi Kang.
7 Yi Gwang
이광 		李鑛 Yi Hyung-gil
이형길 		Yi Hae-cheong
이해청 		1920 1952
  • Adopted as the heir to Viscount Template:Ill (1889–1961), a second cousin of Yi Kang
  • died of a heart attack when swimming in 1952[45]
8 Yi Hyun
이현 		李鉉 Yi Gyung-gil
이경길 		1922 1996
9 Yi Gap
이갑 		李鉀 Yi Chung-gil
이충길 		Yi Hae-ryung
이해룡 		1938 2014
  • Wife: Yi Gyung-suk (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".);[54] they had two sons and a daughter
10 Yi Seok
이석 		李錫 Yi Yung-gil
이영길 		Yi Hae-seok
이해석 		1941
  • Self-claimed pretender to the imperial throne upon the death of Yi Ku since 2005[55][56]
  • Wife: Dokko Jeong-hui (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".); they had a daughter (Yi Hong) and divorced in the 1970s[57]
  • Wife: Kim Jin-ok (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".); they had a daughter and later divorced[58]
11 Yi Hwan
이환 		李鐶 Yi Mun-gil
이문길 		Yi Hae-seon
이해선 		1944
12 Yi Jeong
이정 		李鉦 Yi Jeong-gil
이정길 		Yi Hae-jun
이해준 		1947

Daughters

Name Birth Name Registered Name Hanja Birth Death Notes
1 Yi Yung
이영 		Yi Gil-sun
이길순 		Yi Hae-wan
이해완 		李海琬 1918 1981 Adopted by Viscount Yi Ki-yong[59]
2 Yi Jin
이진 		Yi Gil-un
이길운 		Yi Hae-won
이해원 		李海瑗 1919 2020
  • Husband: Yi Seung-gyu (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".); they had three sons and a daughter[60]
  • Self-claimed "Empress of Korea" in 2006–2020[55][61]
3 Yi Chan
이찬 		Yi Gil-yun
이길연 		Yi Hae-chun
이해춘 		李海珺 1920 2009
  • Husband: Marquess Park Chan-beom (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".), grandson of Pak Yung-hio and his successor; they had a son but later divorced[44]
4 Yi Suk
이숙 		Yi Gil-yung
이길영 		Yi Hae-suk
이해숙 		李海璛 1920 ?
  • Husband: Yi Hak-jin (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".); they had a daughter[62][63][64]
5 Yi Gong
이공 		Yi Gil-sang
이길상 		Yi Haegyeong
이해경 		李海瓊 1930
  • Also known as "Amy Hai Kyung Lee"[65]
  • Moved to Texas in 1956 and worked as a Korean Studies Librarian in Columbia University since the 1960s; she retired in 1996[66]
6 Yi Jang
이장 		Yi Hui-ja
이희자 		李惠子 1940 2015
  • Became a nun and went by the name, either Catalina (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".) or Paulina (Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Category handler".), in the Society of Saint Paul until her death[67]
7 Yi Yong
이용 		Yi Suk-gi
이숙기 		Yi Hae-ran
이해란 		李海珃 1944
8 Yi Hyun
이현 		Yi Suk-hyang
이숙향 		Yi Hae-ryun
이해련 		李海瑢 1950
9 Yi Min
이민 		Yi Chang-hui
이창희 		李昌惠 1953

Ancestry

Template:Ahnentafel

Honours

File:Flag of Korea (1899).svg Korean Empire

File:Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Empire of Japan

Notes

Template:Notelist-lr

Further reading

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References

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  1. ↑ "Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea", p. 384-385.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ 가회동성당 영세문서 제1권
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (Volume 3, Page 324)
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:King Yi of Korea Script error: No such module "Authority control".

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