Yan tan tethera

Yan Tan Tethera or yan-tan-tethera is a sheep-counting system traditionally used by shepherds in Yorkshire, Northern England and some other parts of Britain. The words may be derived from numbers in Brythonic Celtic languages such as Cumbric which had died out in most of Northern England by the sixth century, but they were commonly used for sheep counting and counting stitches in knitting until the Industrial Revolution, especially in the fells of the Lake District. Though most of these number systems fell out of use by the turn of the 20th century, some are still in use.

Origin and development

Sheep-counting systems ultimately derive from Brythonic Celtic languages, such as Cumbric; Tim Gay writes: “[Sheep-counting systems from all over the British Isles] all compared very closely to 18th-century Cornish and modern Welsh". It is impossible, given the corrupted form in which they have survived, to be sure of their exact origin. The counting systems have changed considerably over time. A particularly common tendency is for certain pairs of adjacent numbers to come to resemble each other by rhyme (notably the words for 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 6 and 7, or 8 and 9). Still, multiples of five tend to be fairly conservative; compare bumfit with Welsh , in contrast with standard English fifteen.

Use in sheep counting

Like most Celtic numbering systems, they tend to be vigesimal (based on the number twenty), but they usually lack words to describe quantities larger than twenty; this is not a limitation of either modernised decimal Celtic counting systems or the older ones. To count a large number of sheep, a shepherd would repeatedly count to twenty, placing a mark on the ground, or move a hand to another mark on a shepherd's crook, or drop a pebble into a pocket to represent each score (e.g. 5 score sheep = 100 sheep).

Knitting

Their use is also attested in a "knitting song" known to be sung around the middle of the nineteenth century in Wensleydale, Yorkshire, beginning "yahn, tayhn, tether, mether, mimph".

Modern usage

The counting system has been used for products sold within Northern England and Yorkshire, such as prints, beers, alcoholic sparkling water (hard seltzer in U.S.), and yarns, as well as in artistic works referencing the region, such as Harrison Birtwistle's 1986 opera Yan Tan Tethera.

Jake Thackray's song "Old Molly Metcalfe" from his 1972 album Bantam Cock uses the Swaledale "Yan Tan Tether Mether Pip" as a repeating lyrical theme.

Garth Nix used the counting system to name the seven Grotesques in his novel Grim Tuesday.

Terry Pratchett referenced the counting system in the book The Wee Free Men, the system being used by both Granny Aching and the Nac Mac Feegles.

Yan or yen

The word yan or yen for 'one' in Cumbrian, Northumbrian, and some Yorkshire dialects generally represents a regular development in Northern English in which the Old English long vowel <ā> was broken into , and so on. This explains the shift to yan and ane from the Old English , which is itself derived from the Proto-Germanic . Another example of this development is the Northern English word for 'home', hame, which has forms such as hyem, yem and yam all deriving from the Old English .

Systems by region

Yorkshire and Lancashire

Number	Bowland	Rathmell	Nidderdale	Swaledale	Wharfedale	Teesdale	Wensleydale
1	Yain	Aen	Yain	Yan	Yan	Yan	Yain
2	Tain	Taen	Tain	Tan	Tan	Tean	Tain
3	Eddera	Tethera	Eddero	Tether	Tether	Tether	Eddero
4	Peddera	Fethera	Peddero	Mether		Mether	Peddero
5	Pit	Phubs	Pitts	Pip		Pip	Pitts
6	Tayter	Aayther	Tayter	Azer		Lezar	Tayter
7	Layter	Layather	Layter	Sezar		Azar	Later
8	Overa	Quoather	Overo	Akker		Catrah	Overro
9	Covera	Quaather	Covero	Conter		Borna	Coverro
10	Dix	Dugs	Dix	Dick		Dick	Disc
11	Yain-a-dix	Aena dugs	Yaindix	Yanadick		Yan-a-dick	Yain disc
12	Tain-a-dix	Taena dugs	Taindix	Tanadick		Tean-a-dick	Tain disc
13	Eddera-a-dix	Tethera dugs	Edderodix	Tetheradick		Tether-dick	Ederro disc
14	Peddera-a-dix	Fethera dugs	Pedderodix	Metheradick		Mether-dick	Peddero disc
15	Bumfit	Buon	Bumfit	Bumfit		Bumfit	Bumfitt
16	Yain-a-bumfit	Aena buon	Yain-o-Bumfit	Yanabum		Yan-a-bum	Bumfitt yain
17	Tain-a-bumfit	Taena buon	Tain-o-Bumfit	Tanabum		Tean-a-bum	Bumfitt tain
18	Eddera-bumfit	Tethera buon	Eddero-Bumfit	Tetherabum		Tethera-bum	Bumfitt ederro
19	Peddera-a-bumfit	Fethera buon	Peddero-Bumfit	Metherabum		Methera-bum	Bumfitt peddero
20	Jiggit	Gun a gun	Jiggit	Jigget		Jiggit	Jiggit

Lincolnshire, Derbyshire and County Durham

Number	Derbyshire	Weardale	Tong	Kirkby Lonsdale	Derbyshire Dales	Lincolnshire
1	Yain	Yan	Yan	Yaan	Yan	Yan
2	Tain	Teyan	Tan	Tyaan	Tan	Tan
3	Eddero	Tethera	Tether	Taed'ere	Tethera	Tethera
4	Pederro	Methera	Mether	Mead'ere	Methera	Pethera
5	Pitts	Tic	Pick	Mimp	Pip	Pimp
6	Tayter	Yan-a-tic	Sesan	Haites	Sethera	Sethera
7	Later	Teyan-a-tic	Asel	Saites	Lethera	Lethera
8	Overro	Tethera-tic	Catel	Haoves	Hovera	Hovera
9	Coverro	Methera-tic	Oiner	Daoves	Dovera	Covera
10	Dix	Bub	Dick	Dik	Dick	Dik
11	Yain-dix	Yan-a-bub	Yanadick	Yaan'edik		Yan-a-dik
12	Tain-dix	Teyan-a-bub	Tanadick	Tyaan'edik		Tan-a-dik
13	Eddero-dix	Tethera-bub	Tetheradick	Tead'eredik		Tethera-dik
14	Peddero-dix	Methera-bub	Metheradick	Mead'eredik		Pethera-dik
15	Bumfitt	Tic-a-bub	Bumfit	Boon, buom, buum		Bumfit
16	Yain-o-bumfitt	Yan-tic-a-bub	Yanabum	Yaan'eboon		Yan-a-bumfit
17	Tain-o-bumfitt	Teyan-tic-a-bub	Tanabum	Tyaan'eboon		Tan-a-bumfit
18	Eddero-o-bumfitt	Tethera-tic-a-bub	Tetherabum	Tead'ereboon		Tethera-bumfit
19	Peddero-o-bumfitt	Methera-tic-a-bub	Metherabum	Mead'ereboon		Pethera-bumfit
20	Jiggit	Gigget	Jigget	Buom'fit, buum'fit		Figgot

Southwest England

Number	South West England (Variations)	West Country Dorset
1	Yahn	Hant
2	Tayn	Tant
3	Tether	Tothery
4	Mether	Forthery
5	Mumph	Fant
6	Hither	Sahny
7	Lither	Dahny
8	Auver	Downy
9	Dauver	Dominy
10	Dic	Dik
11	Yahndic	Haindik
12	Tayndic	Taindik
13	Tetherdic	Totherydik
14	Metherdic	Fotherydik
15	Mumphit	Jiggen
16	Yahna Mumphit	Hain Jiggen
17	Tayna Mumphit	Tain Jiggen
18	Tethera Mumphit	Tother Jiggen
19	Methera Mumphit	Fother Jiggen
20	Jigif	Full Score

Cumberland and Westmorland

Number	Coniston	Borrowdale	Eskdale	Westmorland
1	Yan	Yan	Yaena	Yan
2	Taen	Tyan	Taena	Template:Not a typo
3	Tedderte	Tethera	Teddera	Teddera
4	Medderte	Methera	Meddera	Meddera
5	Pimp	Pimp	Pimp	Pimp
6	Haata	Sethera	Seckera	Settera
7	Slaata	Lethera	Leckera	Lettera
8	Lowra	Hovera	Hofa	Hovera
9	Dowra	Dovera	Lofa	Dovera
10	Dick	Dick	Dec	Dick
11	Yan-a-Dick	Yan-a-Dick		Yan Dick
12	Taen-a-Dick	Tyan-a-Dick		Template:Not a typo Dick
13	Tedder-a-Dick	Tethera-Dick		Teddera Dick
14	Medder-a-Dick	Methera-Dick		Meddera Dick
15	Mimph	Bumfit		Bumfit
16	Yan-a-Mimph	Yan-a-bumfit		Yan-a-Bumfit
17	Taen-a-Mimph	Tyan-a-bumfit		Template:Not a typo-a Bumfit
18	Tedder-a-Mimph	Tethera Bumfit		Teddera-Bumfit
19	Medder-a-Mimph	Methera Bumfit		Meddera-Bumfit
20	Gigget	Giggot		Jiggot

Wilts, Scots, Lakes, Dales and Welsh

Note: Scots here means "Scots" not "Gaelic"

Number	Wilts	Scots	Lakes	Dales	Welsh
1	Ain		Auna	Yain
2	Tain		Peina	Tain
3	Tethera		Para	Edderoa
4	Methera		Peddera	Peddero
5	Mimp		Pimp	Pitts
6	Ayta		Ithy	Tayter
7	Slayta		Mithy	Leter
8	Laura		Owera	Overro
9	Dora		Lowera	Coverro
10	Dik		Dig	Dix
11	Ain-a-dik		Ain-a-dig	Yain-dix
12	Tain-a-dik		Pein-a-dig	Tain-dix
13	Tethera-a-dik		Para-a-dig	Eddero-dix
14	Methera-a-dik		Peddaer-a-dig	Pedderp-dix
15	Mit		Bunfit	Bumfitt
16	Ain-a-mit		Aina-a-bumfit	Yain-o-bumfitt
17	Tain-a-mit		Pein-a-bumfit	Tain-o-bumfitt
18	Tethera-mit		Par-a-bunfit	Eddero-bumfitt
19	Gethera-mit		Pedder-a-bumfit	Peddero-bumfitt
20	Ghet		Giggy	Jiggit

Numerals in Brythonic Celtic languages

Number	Ancient British	Old Welsh	Welsh	Cornish (Kemmyn)	Breton
1	(m + n), (f)			;
2	(m), (f)	, (?)	,	,	,
3	(m), (f)	, (?)	,	,	,
4	(m), (f)	, (?)	,	,	,
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13			,
14			,
15
16
17			,
18
19			,
20

See also

• Counting-out game
• Lace tells

Further reading

• Rawnsley, Hardwicke Drummond (1987) "Yan tyan tethera: counting sheep". Woolley: Fleece Press Template:ISBN

External links

• Breton numerals
• Carol Justus's use of this numbering system to explain pre-decimal counting systems
• The Sheep Counting Score – By Walter Skeat, 1910
• Modern Welsh decimal system and older vigesimal system in full