World economy

File:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.svg

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003

Template:World economy The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services. In some contexts, the two terms are distinct: the "international" or "global economy" is measured separately and distinguished from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange, the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of planet Earth.

It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively to human economic activity, and the world economy is typically judged in monetary terms, even in cases in which there is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research, genuine data or government cooperation makes calculating figures difficult. Typical examples are illegal drugs and other black market goods, which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is, by definition, no legal market of any kind.

Even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establish monetary value, economists do not typically use the current or official exchange rate to translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy since exchange rates typically do not closely reflect worldwide value – for example, in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government. Rather, market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea of purchasing power. This is the method used below, which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms of real United States dollars or euros; however, the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways. For example, it is unclear how many of the world's 7.8 billion people, since March 2020Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations.

Until the middle of the 19th century, global output was dominated by China and India. Waves of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and Northern America shifted the shares to the Western Hemisphere. As of 2025, the following 12 countries and 2 collectives account for at least 2.0% of global economy by either Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in nominal or Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms: Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and the African Union.

Between 1820 and 2000, global income inequality increased with almost 50%; however, this change occurred mostly before 1950. Afterwards, the level of inequality remained mostly stable. It is important to differentiate between between-country inequality, which was the driving force for this pattern, and within country inequality, which remained largely constant. Global income inequality peaked approximately in the 1970s, when world income was distributed bimodally into "rich" and "poor" countries with little overlap. Since then, inequality has been rapidly decreasing, and this trend seems to be accelerating. Income distribution is now unimodal, with most people living in middle-income countries.

In the 2000s, a study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University found that the richest 1% of adults owned 40% of global assets, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total. The bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth. Oxfam International reported that the richest 1 percent of people owned 48 percent of global wealth since 2013Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), and would own more than half of global wealth by 2016. In 2014, Oxfam reported that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world had a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom half of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people. Despite high levels of government investment, the global economy decreased by 3.4% in 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, an improvement from the World Bank's initial prediction of a 5.2 percent decrease. Cities account for 80% of global GDP, thus they faced the brunt of this decline. The world economy increased again in 2021 with an estimated 5.5 percent rebound.

Overview

World economy by country groups

Country group	List of country groups by GDP (nominal) in 2025 (or at peaked level)		List of country groups by GDP (PPP) in 2025 (or at peaked level)		Number of countries	Major economies
	Value (in millions of US$)	Share of Global GDP	Value (in millions of US$)	Share of Global GDP
Emerging and developing Asia (Continents: Asia and Oceania)	27,821,017	23.8%	73,419,080	35.1%	30
Major advanced economies (G7) (Continents: Europe, North America and Asia)	52,056,759	44.4%	58,959,130	28.2%	7
Other advanced economies (advanced economies excluding the G7) (Continents: Europe, Asia, Oceania and North America)	16,541,860	14.1%	22,701,831	10.9%	35
Emerging and developing Europe (Continents: Europe and Asia)	6,463,042	5.5%	16,081,471	7.7%	15
Middle East and Central Asia (Continents: Asia and Africa)	5,200,632	4.4%	15,492,232	7.4%	32
Latin America and the Caribbean (Continents: South America and North America)	7,000,686	6.0%	14,894,519	7.1%	33
Sub-Saharan Africa (Continent: Africa)	2,081,399 (peaked at 2,224,418 in 2022)	1.8%	7,408,019	3.6%	45
World	117,165,394	100.0%	208,956,282	100.0%	197

World economy by continent

GDP sector composition (2019 estimate)
Continent Agricultural Industrial Service World 7,908.260 38,354.363 81,575.461 Asia 5,105.362 20,858.549 32,939.397 North America 292.467 5,008.594 18,426.200 Europe 838.199 8,175.402 20,598.902 South America 539.510 2,014.140 5,024.223 Africa 1,076.690 1,941.037 3,559.579 Oceania 56.032 356.641 1,027.160

Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth

The 30 largest economies by GDP (nominal), GDP (PPP), the highest peak GDP per capita (nominal) and the highest peak GDP per capita (PPP) as of 2025. Members of the G-20 major economies are in bold.
List of the 30 largest economies by GDP (nominal) at their peak level as of 2025 in million US$	List of the 30 largest economies by GDP (PPP) at their peak level as of 2025 in million Int$	List of the 30 economies by highest GDP (nominal) per capita at their peak level as of 2025 in US$	List of the 30 economies by highest GDP (PPP) per capita at their peak level as of 2025 in Int$
Rank Country Value Peak year — World 117,165,394 2025 1 30,615,743 2025 — 21,096,780 2025 2 19,231,705 2025 3 6,272,363 2012 4 5,013,574 2025 5 4,125,213 2025 6 3,958,780 2025 7 3,361,557 2025 — Template:Country data African Union 3,191,052 2022 8 2,616,156 2011 9 2,543,677 2025 10 2,540,656 2025 11 2,283,599 2025 12 1,942,314 2021 13 1,891,371 2025 14 1,862,740 2025 15 1,829,508 2025 16 1,565,471 2025 17 1,443,256 2025 18 1,320,635 2025 19 1,268,535 2025 20 1,039,619 2025 21 1,002,666 2025 22 884,387 2025 23 811,134 2014 24 722,130 2011 25 716,980 2025 26 708,771 2025 27 683,371 2025 28 662,318 2025 29 610,752 2025 30 596,298 2022	Rank Country Value Peak year — World 208,956,282 2025 1 41,015,824 2025 2 30,615,743 2025 — 29,239,754 2025 3 17,714,186 2025 — Template:Country data African Union 11,579,393 2025 4 7,143,093 2025 5 6,758,231 2025 6 6,153,741 2025 7 5,015,762 2025 8 4,973,385 2025 9 4,533,633 2025 10 4,454,716 2025 11 3,767,230 2023 12 3,720,271 2025 13 3,436,930 2025 14 3,363,419 2025 15 2,828,510 2025 16 2,722,795 2025 17 2,688,520 2025 18 2,381,507 2025 19 2,254,167 2025 20 2,019,780 2025 21 1,990,268 2025 22 1,981,672 2025 23 1,878,892 2025 24 1,853,771 2025 25 1,807,050 2025 26 1,782,105 2025 27 1,671,381 2025 28 1,516,663 2025 29 1,490,164 2025 30 1,478,139 2025	Rank Country Value Peak year 1 256,581 2023 2 231,713 2025 3 146,818 2025 4 138,935 2024 5 129,132 2025 6 111,047 2025 7 109,270 2022 8 108,470 2012 9 98,150 2025 10 97,750 2023 11 94,481 2025 12 94,300 2021 13 89,599 2025 14 88,311 2014 15 79,110 2008 16 76,581 2025 17 Template:Flagicon Channel Islands 74,589 2023 18 73,174 2025 19 71,774 2023 20 68,481 2012 21 62,036 2025 22 61,694 2025 23 60,418 2025 24 60,009 2025 25 59,925 2025 26 58,499 2023 27 58,005 1980 28 56,844 2025 29 56,661 2025 30 56,358 2022	Rank Country Value Peak year 1 270,100 2024 2 210,600 2024 3 180,939 2012 4 156,969 2025 5 152,395 2025 6 149,794 2013 7 147,878 2025 8 123,150 2022 9 119,719 2024 10 104,995 2006 11 97,659 2025 12 94,472 2025 13 94,189 2025 14 91,435 2007 15 89,599 2025 16 86,689 2023 17 85,127 2025 18 84,763 2025 19 84,600 2014 20 84,566 2025 21 82,886 2025 22 80,466 2025 23 78,919 2025 24 78,841 2023 25 78,711 2025 26 78,165 2023 27 75,882 2025 28 74,939 2024 29 74,852 2025 30 74,668 2025

Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP

The following is a list of the twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at peak value as of the specific year, according to the International Monetary Fund.
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2030
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2030
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Twenty largest economies in the world by GDP (PPP)

List of twenty largest economies by GDP based on purchasing power parity at peak value as of the specific year according to the International Monetary Fund and the CIA World Factbook.
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2030
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rank	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2030
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Statistical indicators

Finance

File:Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.svg

Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.

>$60,000   $50,000 – $60,000   $40,000 – $50,000   $30,000 – $40,000

$20,000 – $30,000   $10,000 – $20,000   $5,000 – $10,000   $2,500 – $5,000

$1,000 – $2,500   <$1,000   No data

File:Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse.png

Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse

• GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $110.06 trillion (2025 estimate), $117.165 trillion (2023) . The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world, this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP).
• GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates increased from 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world's advancement in terms of technology.
• GDP (real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
  • Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% in 2018 due to the fall in dollar value.
  • Developing Countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". The GDP of the developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
  • Least developed countries. The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
• GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
• World median income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)
• GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
• Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in several Third World countries (2003):
  • World 2.6% (2017), 2.8% (predicted 2018);
  • Developed Economies 1% to 4% typically
  • Developing Countries 5% to 60% typically
  • Least developed countries 11.4% (2017), 8.3% (predicted 2018)
• Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([1])
• Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([2])
• Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
• Global equity issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

Employment

File:World GDP Per Capita 1500 to 2000, Log Scale.png

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2000 (log scale)

File:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.svg

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003

File:Gdp accumulated change.png

GDP increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries

• Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.

Industries

• Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

Energy

File:Global primary energy consumption, OWID.svg

Global primary energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year

• Yearly electricity – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.), 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)
• Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
• Oil – production: (2003 est.), (2001)
• Oil – consumption: (2003 est.), (2001)
• Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (Template:Cvt (2001 est.)
• Natural gas – production: Template:Cvt (2012 est.), Template:Cvt (2001 est.)
• Natural gas – consumption: Template:Cvt (2001 est.)
• Natural gas – proved reserves: Template:Cvt (1 January 2002)

Cross-border

• Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
• Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
• Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
• Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
• Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
• Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
• Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)

Gift economy

• Annual international aid: Official Development Assistance (ODA) of $204 billion (2022)

Communications

Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)

• Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)
• Internet users: 3,079,339,857 (31 December 2014 [3]), 360,985,492 (31 December 2000)

Transport

Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:

• Airports
  • Total: 41,821 (2013)
• Roadways
  • Total: Template:Cvt
  • Paved: Template:Cvt
  • Unpaved: Template:Cvt (2002)
• Railways
  • Total: Template:Cvt includes about Template:Cvt of electrified routes of which Template:Cvt are in Europe, Template:Cvt in the Far East, Template:Cvt in Africa, Template:Cvt in South America, and Template:Cvt in North America.

Military

• World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion
• Military expenditures – percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).

Science, research and development

File:Scientific and technical journal publications per million residents, OWID.svg

Number of scientific or technical journal article publications per million residents as of 2013.

The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in terms of number of papers the share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada. In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Metrics and rankings of innovation include the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the Global Innovation Index and the share of Nobel laureates per capita.

Resources and environment

File:Relative change in main global economic and environmental indicators from 1970 to 2017.webp

Shown is how the global material footprint and global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and industrial processes changed compared with global GDP.

File:8000 BCE+ Loss of forest and grassland to grazing and crops.svg

The period since 1950 has brought "the most rapid transformation of the human relationship with the natural world in the history of humankind". Through 2018, humans have reduced forest area by ~30% and grasslands/shrubs by ~68%, to make way for livestock grazing and crops for humans.

• Forests (carbon sinks, wood, ecosystem services, ...)
  • Estimated number of trees that are net lost annually as of 2021: 10 billion
  • Global annual deforested land in 2015–2020: 10 million hectares
  • Global annual net forest area loss in 2000–2010 : 4.7 million hectares
• Other land degradation and land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
  • Soils (carbon sink, ecosystem services, food production, ...)
    • Soil erosion by water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017)
    • Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data)
    • Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study)
    • Environmental impact of pesticides
      • Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes
• Oceans (ecosystem services, food production, ...): Blue economy
• Waste and pollution (effects of economic mechanisms, effects on ecosystem services)
  • As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment".
  • Air pollution
    • Number of human deaths caused annually by air pollution worldwide: ca. 7 million
    • Estimated global annual cost of air pollution: $5 trillion
  • Microplastic pollution
    • Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons
    • Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter

From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the natural system of Earth. Novel application of cybernetics in decision-making (such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.

Historical development

File:2010.09.27-LSE-Research-Danny.Quah-Map.png

Shift of the world's economic center of gravity since 1980 and projected until 2050

Estimations of world population and GDP from a 2020 research paper
Year	Population (million)	GDP per capita ($1990 in PPP)	GDP in billion ($1990 in PPP)
1000000 BCE	0.125	400	0.05
300000 BCE	1	400	0.40
25000 BCE	3.34	400	1.34
10000 BCE	4	400	1.60
5000 BCE	5	404	2.02
4000 BCE	7	409	2.87
3000 BCE	14	421	5.90
2000 BCE	27	433	11.7
1000 BCE	50	444	22.2
500 BCE	100	457	45.7
200 BCE	150	465	69.7
1	168	467	78.4
200	190	463	88.0
400	190	463	88.0
500	190	463	88.0
600	200	462	92.3
700	210	460	96.6
800	220	459	101
900	240	456	109
1000	265	453	120
1100	320	512	164
1200	360	551	198
1300	360	551	198
1400	350	541	190
1500	438	625	274
1600	556	629	350
1700	603	658	397
1820	1,042	712	741
1870	1,276	884	1,128
1900	1,563
1913	1,793	1,543	2,767
1920	1,863
1940	2,299	2,181	5,013
1950	2,528	2,104	5,318
1960	3,042	2,764	12,170
1970	3,691	3,725	13,751
1980	4,440	4,511	20,026
1990	5,269	5,149	27,133
2000	6,077	6,057	36,806
2010	6,873	7,814	53,704
2019	7,620	9,663	73,640

Per the MSCI All Country World Index, the breakdown of market sector is as follows:

Sector	2012	2022
Energy	10.7	4.4
Materials	8.2	5.5
Industrials	11.5	10.6
Consumer Discretionary	11.2	11.7
Consumer Staples	9.4	6.6
Healthcare	8.8	11.6
Financials	19.5	14.4
Information Technology	13.1	21.2
Communication Service	4.0	7.5
Utilities	3.6	2.9
Real Estate		3.6

One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are the OECD Better Life Index rankings for different aggregative domains.

Legend
Explained by: Housing   Explained by: Income   Explained by: Jobs	Explained by: Community   Explained by: Education   Explained by: Environment	Explained by: Civic engagement   Explained by: Health   Explained by: Life Satisfaction	Explained by: Safety   Explained by: Work-Life Balance

The index includes 11 comparable "dimensions" of well-being:

1. Housing: housing conditions and spendings (e.g. real estate pricing)
2. Income: household income (after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
3. Jobs: earnings, job security and unemployment
4. Community: quality of social support network
5. Education: education and what one gets out of it
6. Environment: quality of environment (e.g. environmental health)
7. Governance: involvement in democracy
8. Health
9. Life Satisfaction: level of happiness
10. Safety: murder and assault rates
11. Work-life balance

Economic studies

To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the USCS (US DoC) and FAS (USDA) in the United States, the EDC and AAFC in Canada, Ubifrance in France, the UKTI in the United Kingdom, the HKTDC and JETRO in Asia, Austrade and the NZTE in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.

See also

• Anarchy (international relations)
• Capitalism
• Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (book)
• Economic bubble
• Economic collapse
• Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Global financial system
• Global workforce
• Globality
• Globalization
• International trade
• Trade route
• Overconsumption
• Petrodollar recycling
• World Trade Report
• World history
  • Economic history of the world
• World-systems theory

Regional economies:

• Economy of Africa
• Economy of Asia
• Economy of Europe
• Economy of North America
• Economy of Oceania
• Economy of South America

Events:

• Great Recession
• World oil market chronology from 2003
• 2008 financial crisis
• 2007–2008 world food price crisis
• Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Lists:

• List of countries by GDP sector composition
• List of world's largest economies (nominal) – based on current currency market exchange rates
• List of world's largest economies (PPP) – based on purchasing power parity
• Historical list of world's largest economies (PPP) – for the years between 1 and 1998

External links

• OECD – Economic Outlook
• IMF – World Economic Outlook
• World Bank – Global Economic Prospects
• UN DESA – World Economic Situation and Prospects 2025
• CIA – The World Factbook – World
• Guardian Special Report – Global Economy
• World Bank Summary – Trade Statistics for World