Wiradjuri language
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Wiradjuri (Template:IPAc-en;[1] many other spellings, see Wiradjuri) is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup. It is the traditional language of the Wiradjuri people, an Aboriginal Australian people of New South Wales, Australia. Wiraiari and Jeithi may have been dialects.[2][3]
A revival is under way, with the language being taught in schools, TAFE college, and at Charles Sturt University.
Reclamation
Teaching
The Wiradjuri language has been taught in primary schools, secondary schools and at TAFE since before 2012 in the towns of Parkes and Forbes.[4] It is taught at Condobolin. Northern Wiradjuri schools such as Peak Hill, Dubbo, Narromine, Wellington, Gilgandra, Trangie, and Geurie by AECGTemplate:Efn language and culture educators.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". All lessons include both Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". As of 2017 the language was also being taught in Young, having a positive impact on the number of pupils self-identifying as Aboriginal.[5]
Charles Sturt University also offers a two-year course in Wiradjuri language, heritage, and culture, focusing on language reclamation.[6] This course, which commenced in 2014, was developed by Wiradjuri Elder, Dr Stan Grant Senior, as part of their Wiradjuri Language and Cultural Heritage Recovery Project.[7][8]
Dictionary
The process of reclaiming the language was greatly assisted by the publication in 2005 of A First Wiradjuri Dictionary[9] by elder Stan Grant Senior and academic John Rudder. Rudder described the dictionary: "The Wiradjuri Dictionary has three main sections in just over 400 B5 pages. The first two sections, English to Wiradjuri, and Wiradjuri to English, have about 5,000 entries each. The third sections lists Names of Things grouped in categories such as animals, birds, plants, climate, body parts, colours. In addition to those main sections the dictionary contains an introduction to accurate pronunciation, a basic grammar of the language and a sample range of sentence types." A revised edition,[10] holding over 8,000 words, was published in 2010[11] and launched in Wagga Wagga, with the launch described by the member for Wagga Wagga to the New South Wales Parliament.[12][13] A mobile app and web-based version based on the book is also available.[14] A Grammar of Wiradjuri language[15] was published in 2014.
Phonology
Consonants
In most Pama-Nyungan languages, sounds represented by ‘k’ or ‘g’ are interchangeable. The same applies to ‘b’ and ‘p’ as well as ‘t’ and ‘d’.
Vowels
The phonemes /ə/ and /aː/ tend to be considered as belonging to the same pair (refer to the orthography table below).[16]
Vocabulary
"Wagga Wagga"
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The Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wagga Wagga region were the Wiradjuri people and the term Script error: No such module "Lang"., with a central open vowel /aː/, means 'dances and celebrations',[17] and has also been translated as 'reeling like a drunken man'.[18] The Wiradjuri word Script error: No such module "Lang". means 'crow', which can be pluralised by reduplication.[19]
Until 2019, it was claimed by the Wagga Wagga council and others that Wagga Wagga translates to “the place of many crows”.[20] However, as Uncle Stan Grant Snr has stated, "Script error: No such module "Lang". does sound a bit like Script error: No such module "Lang"., but it’s not quite the same. If you say “Script error: No such module "Lang".,” you’re saying 'many crows'. And Script error: No such module "Lang". means dance celebrations… But the fact is, it’s my language, our language, and it’s got nothing to do with crows whatsoever.".[21]
Ngamadidj
The term Ngamadidj ('ghost', or 'white people'), used in the Kuurn Kopan Noot language in Victoria, is also recorded as being used in Wellington, New South Wales by local Wiradjuri people about a missionary there.[22]
Animals
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| animal (in general) | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| animal (male) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| animal (female) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| baby (chicken or pup) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| bat | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| bat/bird (in general) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| bilby | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| brushtail possum (male) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| brush-tailed rock-wallaby | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| bunyip | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| butterfly | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| cattle | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| cockatiel | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| common wallaroo | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| dingo | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (female) |
| dog | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| echidna | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| emu | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| frog | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| horse | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| horse (stallion) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| kangaroo (eastern grey) | wambuwuny |
| koala | barrandhang, gurabaan |
| kookaburra | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| long-nosed bandicoot | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| magpie | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| owl | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| platypus | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| possum | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| red kangaroo (female) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| snake | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| sugar glider | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| swan | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| quoll | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| wombat | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Family
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| man | gibir |
| woman | yinaa |
| mother | Script error: No such module "Lang"., ngama, baba |
| father | Script error: No such module "Lang"., mama |
| son | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| sister (older) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| sister (younger) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| brother (older) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| brother (younger) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| girl | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| boy | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| baby | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| grandmother | Script error: No such module "Lang"., gunhinarrung |
Numbers
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| one | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| two | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| three | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| four | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| five | Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn |
| six | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| seven | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| eight | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| nine | marra bula bula |
| ten | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Anatomy
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| body (whole) | garraba |
| backside | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| chest | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| eye | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| hand | Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn |
| testicles | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Verbs
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| to dance | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| to dig | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| to laugh | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| to swim | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| to stay | wibiyanha |
Other
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| yes | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| no/not | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| home | gunyi |
| money/stone | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| left | wayburr |
| right | bumaldhal, bumalgala |
| perhaps | gada |
| boomerang (general term) | balgang, bargan, badhawal |
| but/however | gulur, ngay |
Phrases
Introductions
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| What's your name? | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| My name is James. | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Who's this one? | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| This is mother. | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Greetings
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| Good day! | Yiradhu marang! |
| Are you well? | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Yes, I'm well. | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| That's good. | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Love
| English | Wiradjuri |
|---|---|
| Love | Ngurrbul |
| I love you | Nginyugu ngurrbul |
| You are beautiful | Nghindu nguyaguyamilang |
Complex statements
| My grandfather was a law man | Moomahahdi booya doray mine[23] |
| I have done my work. I am finished | Nah-du beeyunggonah gahdonbeeyay baldogoreegidahn[23] |
| The world does not respect people who have no language | Moonmbinahlah nurembunggah wiray yinduhmahlah wiray myneeyungderay[23] |
Influence on English
The following English words come from Wiradjuri:
- kookaburra, a species of kingfisher[24]
- quandong, a species of tree[25]
- quarrion (or quarrien), another name for the cockatiel[26]
Notes and references
Template:Notelist Template:Reflist
Sources
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External links
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- A New Wiradjuri dictionary
- profiles of Grant and Rudder
- Wiradjuri language, alphabet and pronunciation
- Materials for learning Wiradjuri
- Peter Andren MP with material on the Wiradjuri
Template:Wikisource/outer coreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- More information on Learning WiradjuriTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
- Learn Wiradjuri at TAFE
Template:Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales Template:Pama–Nyungan languages
- ↑ Template:OED
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ There is quite some confusion over the names Wirraayarray, Wiriyarray, and Wirray Wirray. See AIATSIS:Wirraayaraay.
- ↑ Taylor, Suzi. How a language transformed a town. ABC, 4 July 2012. "The boundary of the Wiradjuri Nation extends from Gilgandra in the north, straddling the Great Dividing Range down to the Murray River and out to western NSW. It includes the townships of Dubbo, Condobolin, Orange, Bathurst, Wagga Wagga, Narrandera and Griffith."
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Wiradjui Dictionary, Stan Grant Snr and John Rudder, 2010
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ ABC news interview with Grant
- ↑ Hansard of Parliament of New South Wales, Daryl Maguire & Barry Collier, 12 November 2010
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Whole e-book
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., p 977.
- ↑ Oxford Dictionary of English, p 1,451
- ↑ Oxford Dictionary of English, p 1,452