Washington State Ferries
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Washington State Ferries (WSF) is a public ferry system in the U.S. state of Washington. A division of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), it operates 10 routes serving 20 terminals within Puget Sound and in the San Juan Islands. The routes are designated as part of the state highway system. WSF maintains a fleet of 21 vessels that are able to carry passengers and vehicles.
The ferry system carried a total of 19.15Script error: No such module "String".million riders in 2024—10.08Script error: No such module "String".million passengers and 9.07Script error: No such module "String".million vehicles.[1] WSF is the largest ferry system in the United States and the second-largest vehicular ferry system in the world behind BC Ferries.[2] The state ferries carried an average of Template:American transit ridership per weekday in Template:American transit ridership.Template:American transit ridership
History
The ferry system has its origins in the "mosquito fleet", a collection of small steamer lines serving the Puget Sound area during the later part of the nineteenth century and early part of the 20th century. By the beginning of the 1930s, two lines remained: the Puget Sound Navigation Company (known as the Black Ball Line) and the Kitsap County Transportation Company. A strike in 1935 caused the KCTC to close, leaving only the Black Ball Line.[3]
Toward the end of the 1940s, the Black Ball Line sought to increase its fares by 30Script error: No such module "String".percent to compensate for increased wage demands from the ferry workers' unions, which had agreed to a voluntary freeze in increases during World War II. After the state government rejected the fare hike, the company shut down service for nine days in protest.[4] In 1951, the state bought nearly all of Black Ball's ferry assets for $5Script error: No such module "String".million (Black Ball retained five vessels of its fleet). Washington State Ferries began operation on June 1, 1951.[5] The state government intended to run ferry service only until cross-sound bridges could be built, but these were never approved and left the ferries as the only means of crossing for vehicles.[6]
The new system was operated by the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority, which ordered ten new vessels that could carry 60 to 100 vehicles. A set of revenue bonds were also issued to purchase the 16 vessels and 20 terminals of the Puget Sound Navigational Company for a total of $4.94Script error: No such module "String".million. The ten initial routes were reduced to eight by the end of the year.[7] A route between Port Townsend and Keystone on Whidbey Island was launched in June 1974 to replace a privately-run service that had lost its franchise.[8] The Toll Bridge Authority was dissolved and replaced by the consolidated Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) on September 21, 1977.[9]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, WSF reduced service on most routes and suspended trips to Sidney on the Anacortes–San Juan Islands route. The loss of workers who retired, transferred, or were fired during the pandemic caused delays and trip cancellations as service and ridership began to recover in 2021 and 2022, while vessel replacement also ran behind schedule.[10] By early 2023, full levels of service were restored on four routes but remained limited across much of the system; the Sidney route is not expected to re-enter service until 2030.[11] Staffing issues, particularly among ship captains and mates, continued to prevent the full restoration of service on the Seattle–Bremerton and Fauntleroy–Vashon–Southworth routes.[12] As mitigation for the delay in restoring the Seattle–Bremerton run's second vessel, WSF funded additional trips on the parallel Kitsap Fast Ferries that serves both terminals.[13] The second vessel on the Seattle–Bremerton route was restored in June 2025, followed a month later by weekend trips on the Port Townsend–Coupeville route to bring the system to its pre-pandemic domestic schedule.[14][15]
Routes
since 2025[update]Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the Washington State Ferries system has 10 routes with an average of 388 daily scheduled sailings that serve 20 terminals located primarily on Puget Sound and in the San Juan Islands.[16][17] The network spans Script error: No such module "convert". and serves an estimated population of 3.9Script error: No such module "String".million residents across an area of Script error: No such module "convert"..[18] These routes are part of the state highway system and carry freight traffic and emergency services in addition to passengers and automobiles.[16] All of the system's route run year-round, but some have additional service during the peak summer months.[15] An additional seasonal route, which ran during summers between the San Juan Islands and Sidney, British Columbia, was suspended in 2020 and is not scheduled to resume service until 2030 at the earliest.[19]
The busiest route is the Seattle–Bainbridge Island ferry, which carried 4.9Script error: No such module "String".million total riders in 2024; the Mukilteo–Clinton ferry carried 2.1Script error: No such module "String".million total vehicles in 2024, the most of any route.[1][20] The Mukilteo–Clinton ferry also had the most sailings, at over 26,000 in 2024, followed by the Anacortes–San Juan Islands system.[21]
| Route name | Terminals | State route designation[22] |
Annual ridership[1] |
Annual vehicles carried[1] |
Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anacortes–Sidney BC (Service suspended) | Sidney, British Columbia | Friday Harbor, San Juan Island | Anacortes | N/A[23] | 0 | 0 |
| |
| Anacortes–San Juan Islands | Friday Harbor, San Juan Island | Script error: No such module "Jct". | 1,919,272 | 920,865 |
| |||
| Lopez Island | ||||||||
| Shaw Island | ||||||||
| Orcas Island | ||||||||
| Inter island | Friday Harbor, San Juan Island | Orcas Island | Shaw Island | Lopez Island | ||||
| Port Townsend–Coupeville | Port Townsend | Coupeville, Whidbey Island | Script error: No such module "Jct". | 694,636 | 318,547 |
| ||
| Mukilteo–Clinton | Clinton, Whidbey Island | Mukilteo | Script error: No such module "Jct". | 3,687,921 | 2,082,705 | |||
| Edmonds–Kingston | Kingston | Edmonds | Script error: No such module "Jct". | 3,737,516 | 1,906,862 | |||
| Seattle–Bainbridge Island | Winslow, Bainbridge Island | Seattle (Colman Dock) | Script error: No such module "Jct". | 4,905,490 | 1,594,309 | |||
| Seattle–Bremerton | Bremerton | Script error: No such module "Jct". | 990,435 | 362,529 | ||||
| Fauntleroy–Vashon | Vashon Island | West Seattle (Fauntleroy) | Script error: No such module "Jct". | 2,261,933 | 1,349,100 |
| ||
| Fauntleroy–Southworth | Southworth | |||||||
| Southworth–Vashon | Southworth | Vashon Island | ||||||
| Point Defiance–Tahlequah | Tahlequah, Vashon Island | Tacoma (Point Defiance) | Script error: No such module "Jct". | 960,478 | 537,408 | |||
Former routes
- Agate Pass, replaced by the Agate Pass Bridge on October 7, 1950[24]
- Edmonds–Port Ludlow
- Port Gamble–Shine, replaced by South Point route on June 10, 1950[24]
- Seattle–Suquamish, discontinued on October 1, 1951
- South Point–Lofall, replaced by Hood Canal Bridge in 1961
- Tacoma Narrows, replaced by Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 but reinstated from 1940 to 1950[24]
Service and operations
Washington State Ferries (officially the WSDOT Ferries Division) had over 145,000 scheduled sailings during fiscal year 2024, of which 97.6Script error: No such module "String".percent were completed.[17] The system adjusts its schedules during four annual "sailing seasons",[25] with the highest level of service between June and September to accommodate larger passenger volumes.[15][26] The earliest year-round sailings in the system are around 4:00Script error: No such module "String".a.m. on several routes; service generally lasts until midnight for most routes, with some sailings as late as 1:30Script error: No such module "String".a.m. or 2:10Script error: No such module "String".a.m.[26] The schedules for routes are referred to by the number of assigned vessels; for example, "two-boat" service refers to a reduced schedule due to the lack of a third vessel.[27] Additional service is provided on some major holidays and weekends, such as Memorial Day and Labor Day, as well as for special events.[26] Vehicle slot reservations, released in tranches up to several months in advance, are available for the Port Townsend–Coupeville and Anacortes–San Juan Islands routes due to their limited capacity and high demand.[28]
In 2024, the ferry system had an operating budget of $353.8Script error: No such module "String".million and spent approximately $18.76 per passenger trip. The active ferries traveled a total of Script error: No such module "convert". in revenue service and carried nearly 18.9Script error: No such module "String".million total unlinked passenger trips.[18] The system is primarily funded by passenger and vehicle fares, state subsidies, and grants from the federal government; a motor vehicle excise tax (MVET) was previously used until it was removed as a result of Initiative 695, passed by voters in 1999.[29][30] since June 2024[update]Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Washington State Ferries had 1,589 full-time employees, of which nearly half are classified as deck workers.[17] The system shortages in the early 2020s that have led to sailing cancellations and deferred maintenance amid a slow recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.[31] Washington State Ferries employees are represented by 16 unions that have signed 13 total collective bargaining agreements.[16] Each vessel requires between 10 to 16 crew members depending on the size of the boat; they operate in two or three daily shifts with the exception of the engine room, which uses two 12-hour shifts for continual monitoring.[25]
The primary maintenance facility for the system is at Eagle Harbor on Bainbridge Island, just west of the city's ferry terminal. WSF built its Eagle Harbor facility in 1962 and uses it to also store unused or recently retired vessels.[32][33] WSF also has other shops on Bainbridge Island, including in-house carpenters that maintain and repair fixtures aboard ferries as well as at terminals, including windows, floors, and cables.[34] Outside contractors also conduct maintenance and rehabilitation work on ferries, including those on Lake Union in Seattle that are accessed through the Lake Washington Ship Canal.[35] Onboard food service, primarily through the ship galley and vending machines, is operated by contractor Sodexo Live.[36]
The agency allows weddings and other celebrations to take place on board ferries with reservations and arrangements made in advance; no extra costs are charged for services.[37] The scattering of cremated remains at sea is performed board state ferries with permission from WSF, who charge a fee of $150 and require the use of a biodegradable container or vessel. The ceremonies, scheduled outside of peak travel periods, take place during a temporary stop and are followed by an announcement and the sounding of the ferry's whistle. In 2024, a total of 190 memorials were performed aboard WSF vessels.[38]
Fares
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The state ferry system has fares that vary based on the route and direction of travel, age of the passenger, dimensions of the vehicle, and other factors.[39] since October 2025[update]Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the lowest round-trip adult fare in the system is $6.95 for the Mukilteo–Clinton route, while the highest is $17.50 for the Anacortes–San Juan Islands route. Discounts are available for senior citizens and passengers with disabilities.[40] Passenger tickets are dispensed at staffed ticket booths at terminals, self-serve kiosk machines, and tollbooths that also collect vehicle fares; they are valid for 90 days.[41] Multi-use and monthly passes are sold for all fare types through the agency's online store.[42] An electronic ticketing system, named Wave2Go, was introduced in early 2007 to replace ticket books for frequent riders with a scannable card that is reloaded at kiosks.[43] Washington State Ferries also accepts the ORCA card, a reloadable smart card system used by most transit agencies in the Seattle metropolitan area that can load multi-use and monthly passes.[44]
Fares are set by the Washington State Transportation Commission and reviewed every two years to account for projected financial needs for operations and capital projects.[45] Since October 2022, all fares on the ferry system for passengers under the age of 19 years old have been free as part of a state transportation funding package.[46] The farebox recovery ratio for Washington State Ferries was 49.8Script error: No such module "String".percent in 2024, a slight decrease from 50.6Script error: No such module "String".percent in 2023; the state government's subsidy per rider was $9.05, while the overall subsidy was $4.79.[29]
Fleet
since 2020[update]Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., there are 21 ferries in the WSF fleet that serve Puget Sound.[47] The average age is 32.1Script error: No such module "String".years old.[18] The largest vessels in this fleet carry up to 2500 passengers and 202 vehicles. They are painted in a distinctive white and green trim paint scheme, and feature double-ended open vehicle decks and bridges at each end so that they do not need to turn around.[48] Most of the ferries feature an outdoor deck with two "pickleforks" where passengers board and disembark the vessel.[49] After 50 years of state service, a ferry receives a commemorative gold stripe that is painted on the center stack.[50]
The fleet uses diesel fuel to power its engines and is the largest consumer of diesel fuel in the state government at 19Script error: No such module "String".million gallons used annually prior to 2020;[51] WSF plans to electrify its fleet over 20 years. By 2040, it intends to build 16 new hybrid-electric vessels and convert six others to have hybrid propulsion. This will reduce carbon emissions by up 180,000 tons annually and save $19Script error: No such module "String".million per year in diesel fuel costs.[52]
The first vessel to undergo conversion to use hybrid-electric propulsion is Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., which is expected to return to service in summer 2025.[53][54] The program was originally expected to begin in 2022 with a new boat constructed by Vigor Industrial, but cost overruns and disagreements led to delays. Vigor had been the sole shipbuilder for Washington State Ferries since 1997.[55] Further work on converting the existing fleet was delayed by Washington governor Bob Ferguson in early 2025 in favor of restoring service on the routes. The next conversion is scheduled for after the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[56]
In 2021, WSF released their plan to move to hybrid electric vessels by building a new 144-car Olympic-class ferry, which they initially scheduled to complete by 2025.[57] The new vessel, named Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., was later delayed to 2027 and will require the installation of electrical connections at the Clinton ferry terminal on Whidbey Island.[58] An invitation for bids for three hybrid electric vessels was opened by WSF in May 2024 and sent to 15 interested companies.[51][59] Three shipyards were qualified to bid, but WSF only received bids from two: Eastern Shipbuilding of Panama City, Florida, and Nichols Brothers Boat Builders of Freeland, Washington. Eastern's $714.5Script error: No such module "String".million bid to build three vessels was selected by the state government in July 2025 and will comprise the first WSF vessels built outside of Washington state in 50 years. The three vessels, planned to begin delivery as soon as 2029, will use a design based on the Olympic class and would have an electric propulsion system supplied by ABB. These ferries are planned to be Script error: No such module "convert". long with a capacity of 1,500 passengers and 164 vehicles.[60]
since 2023[update]Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., 9 of the 21 active ferries maintained by Washington State Ferries are considered to be in good condition. Cancellation of sailings due to mechanical problems and urgent maintenance increased in the 2010s and 2020s.[55]
The ferry fleet consists of the following vessels:[47]
| Class | Ferry name | Year built | Auto
capacity |
Passenger
capacity |
Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evergreen State | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1959 | 87 | 1,061 | Script error: No such module "convert". | |
| Super | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1967 | 144 | 1,868 | Script error: No such module "convert". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1967 | 144 | 2,000 | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| Jumbo | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1972 | 188 | 2,000 | Script error: No such module "convert". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1973 | 188 | 2,000 | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| Issaquah | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1979 | 124 | 1,200 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Auto capacity increased in 1989. |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1980 | 124 | 1,200 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Auto capacity increased in 1990. | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1980 | 124 | 1,200 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Auto capacity increased in 1992. | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1981 | 124 | 1,200 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Auto capacity increased in 1993. | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1981 | 124 | 1,200
1,090 International |
Script error: No such module "convert". | Auto capacity increased in 2001. Upgraded to meet SOLAS safety standards for international service on Sidney, BC route in 2005. | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1982 | 90 | 1,200 | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| Jumbo Mark II | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1997 | 202 | 2,500 | Script error: No such module "convert". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1998 | 202 | 2,500 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Converted to hybrid-electric propulsion in 2025 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 1999 | 202 | 2,500 | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| Kwa-di Tabil | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 2010 | 64 | 750 | Script error: No such module "convert". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 2011 | 64 | 750 | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 2011 | 64 | 750 | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| Olympic | Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 2014 | 144 | 1,500 | Script error: No such module "convert". | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 2015 | 144 | 1,500 | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 2017 | 144 | 1,500 | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | 2018 | 144 | 1,500 | Script error: No such module "convert". |
Retired vessels
Since the beginning of state-run ferry service in 1951, WSF has retired many vessels as they have become older, too expensive to operate or maintain, or have become too small to provide adequate ferry service. WSF owned passenger-only vessels between 1985 and 2009, but after discontinuing its two passenger-only routes in the 2000s, WSF has sold its passenger-only ferries to other operators.
Below is a list of ferries that WSF has retired since 1951. Unless otherwise noted, all vessels introduced in 1951 were acquired from the Puget Sound Navigation Company (PSN), also known as the Black Ball Line, when the state took over the company's routes and ferryboats in Puget Sound.
| Ferry name | Class | Year built (rebuilt) | Year in service | Year retired | Auto capacity | Passenger capacity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1900 (1928/ 1932) | 1951 | 1964 | 52 | 950 | Converted to a car ferry in 1926 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1913 | 1951 | 1967 | 40 | 453 | Previously owned by King County and used on Lake Washington |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1922 | 1951 | 1969 | 50 | 659 | Purchased by PSN in 1941 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1922 | 1951 | 1958 | 55 | 468 | Purchased by PSN in 1941 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1923 (1931) | 1951 | 1951 | 33 | 312 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Anderson | 1925 | 1951 | 1961 | 32 | 325 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1925 (1947) | 1951 | 1967 | 30 | 300 | Purchased by the state in 1947 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Wood Electric | 1926 | 1951 | 1972 | 50 | 770 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1926 (1935) | 1951 | 1967 | 110 | 1943 | Originally built as MV Peralta in 1926; rebuilt as Kalakala in 1935 using PeraltaTemplate:'s hull |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Steel Electric | 1927 | 1951 | 1967 | 90 | 1500 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 and converted to a single-ended ferry |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Steel Electric | 1927 | 1951 | 1967 | 90 | 1500 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 and converted to a single-ended ferry |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Wood Electric | 1927 | 1951 | 1973 | 50 | 400 | Purchased by PSN in 1938 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Steel Electric | 1927 (1958/ 1985) | 1951 | 2007 | 59 | 616 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Steel Electric | 1927 (1958/ 1986) | 1951 | 2007 | 59 | 616 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Steel Electric | 1927 (1958/ 1987) | 1951 | 2007 | 59 | 616 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Steel Electric | 1927 (1958/ 1981) | 1951 | 2007 | 64 | 412 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Wood Electric | 1928 | 1951 | 1972 | 50 | 601 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1929 | 1951 | 1969 | 32 | 465 | Operated under a state contract since 1940 after the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Anderson | 1930 | 1951 | 1980 | 50 | 646 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1938 | 1954 | 1993 | 55 | 605 | Purchased by WSF in 1954 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1947 (1990) | 1954 | 2012 | 48 | 546 | Purchased by WSF in 1954, sold to Atlantic Capes Fisheries in 2013 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Evergreen State | 1954 (1988) | 1954 | 2016 | 87 | 854 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1954 | 1970 | 1982 | 65 | 350 | Purchased by WSF in 1970, sold in 1982 and renamed Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Evergreen State | 1958 (1995) | 1958 | 2017 | 87 | 792 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Super | 1966 | 1967 | 2019 | 144 | 2000 | Horn and engine order telegraph salvaged for use by the Seattle Kraken[62][63] |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1967 | 1967 | 2016 | 34 | 199 | |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Super | 1967 (1991) | 1968 | 2020 | 144 | 1069 | Upgraded to meet SOLAS standards for Sidney, BC.
Sold to Everett Ship Repair, which plans to convert it into floating office and warehouse space.[64] |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | None | 1985 | 1985 | 2003 | 0 | 250 | Operating as M/V Glacier Express in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska as of 2013[65][66] |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Skagit/Kalama | 1989 | 1989 | 2009 | 0 | 230 | Sold in 2011 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Skagit/Kalama | 1989 | 1989 | 2009 | 0 | 230 | Sold in 2011; capsized on July 18, 2012 |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Passenger-Only Fast Ferry | 1998 | 1998 | 2008 | 0 | 350 | Sold to Golden Gate Ferries, renamed MV Golden Gate |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". | Passenger-Only Fast Ferry | 1999 | 1999 | 2008 | 0 | 350 | Sold to Golden Gate Ferries, renamed MV Napa |
See also
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References
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- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ History of Washington State Ferry system Template:Webarchive, wsdot.wa.gov, retrieved March 15, 2008
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Washington State Ferries begins operations on June 1, 1951, HistoryLink.org, retrieved March 15, 2008
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b Washington State Ferries – Our Fleet Template:Webarchive, Washington State Department of Transportation, Retrieved June 16, 2020
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
- Script error: No such module "Official website".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Evergreenfleet.com – A History of Washington State Ferries Past and Present
- Vehicle Reservation Predesign Study Template:Webarchive
Template:Washington State Ferries Script error: No such module "Navbox".