Vitu language
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Vitu (also spelled Witu or Vittu, referred by their own speakers as Script error: No such module "Lang". 'true speech' or Script error: No such module "Lang". 'Vitu speech') or Muduapa is an Oceanic language spoken by about 7,000 people on the islands northwest of the coast of West New Britain in Papua New Guinea.
Name
The name Vitu is an endonym. The alternative name, Muduapa, is an exonym from the neighboring Uneapa (or Bali) language spoken on Bali Island, which is in Vitu known as Mudua, referring to an island northwest of Vitu proper. Mudua and Muduapa can come from a proto-form Script error: No such module "Lang"., reflecting the addition of an echo vowel in Bali and the regular loss of final consonants in Vitu.
Classification
Vitu and Bali form a subgroup within the Meso-Melanesian cluster of the Oceanic languages. Vitu is so closely related to the neighbouring Uneapa (or Bali) language that the two are sometimes considered to be a single language, called Bali-Vitu. However, there are some differences, particularly in their phonemic inventories, retention of final consonants (which is lost in Vitu), pronoun systems, and word choices. In general, Bali tends to be more conservative than Vitu in most respects.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Low | Template:IPA link | |
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Plosive | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| prenasalizedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Fricative | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Sibilant | (Template:IPA link) | |||
| Liquid | rhoticScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | ||
| lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | |||
Script error: No such module "IPA". is realized as Template:IPAblink before Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs only in loanwords from Tok Pisin, such as Script error: No such module "Lang". 'school'.
Phonotactics
No consonant clusters or final consonants are allowed in native Vitu words: all syllables have a CV or V structure. Loanwords, however, may have different structures.
Writing system
Vitu is written in the Latin script. Only between 15% and 25% of speakers of Vitu are literate in the language, but many more are literate in Tok Pisin, the national language of Papua New Guinea.
| A a | B b | D d | E e | G g | H h | I i | K k | L l | M m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| N n | Ng ng | O o | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | V v | Z z |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Grammar
Morphology
Complex voice systems so characteristic of Austronesian languages of Taiwan and the Philippines undergo significant reduction in most Austronesian languages of Eastern Indonesia and Oceania. Vitu is unusual in terms of morphology when compared to most other Oceanic languages spoken in Melanesia. It is one of very few Melanesian languages that have a passive voice-marking system.
Syntax
The usual word order of Vitu is subject–verb–object (SVO).
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
External links
Template:Languages of Papua New Guinea Template:Meso-Melanesian languages Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages