Vireo

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The vireos Template:IPAc-en make up a family, Vireonidae, of small to medium-sized passerine birds found in the New World (Canada to Argentina, including Bermuda and the West Indies) and Southeast Asia. The family contains 62 species and is divided into eight genera. "Vireo" is a Latin word referring to a green migratory bird, perhaps the female golden oriole, possibly the European greenfinch.[1][2]

They are typically dull-plumaged and greenish in color, the smaller species resembling wood warblers apart from their heavier bills. They range in size from the Chocó vireo, dwarf vireo and lesser greenlet, all at around 10 cm and 8g, to the peppershrikes and shrike-vireos at up to 17 cm and 40g.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Most species are found in Middle America and northern South America. Thirteen species of true vireos occur farther north, in the United States, Bermuda[4] and Canada; of these all but Hutton's vireo are migratory. Members of the family seldom fly long distances except in migration.[5] They inhabit forest environments, with different species preferring forest canopies, undergrowth, or mangrove swamps.[3]

A few species in the genus Vireo have appeared on the eastern side of the Atlantic as vagrants to the Western Palearctic.[6]

Behaviour

The resident species occur in pairs or family groups that maintain territories all year (except Hutton's vireo, which joins mixed feeding flocks). Most of the migrants defend winter territories against conspecifics. The exceptions are the complex comprising the red-eyed vireo, the yellow-green vireo, the black-whiskered vireo, and the Yucatan vireo, which winter in small wandering flocks.[5]

Voice

File:Cyclarhis gujanensis.jpg
The song of the rufous-browed peppershrike is described as a whistled phrase with the rhythm Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler

Males of most species are persistent singers. Songs are usually rather simple, monotonous in some species of the Caribbean littoral and islands, and most elaborate and pleasant to human ears in the Chocó vireo and the peppershrikes.[5]

Breeding

The nests of many tropical species are unknown. Of those that are known, all build a cup-shaped nest that hangs from branches. The female does most of the incubation, spelled by the male except in the red-eyed vireo complex.[5]

Feeding

All members of the family eat some fruit but mostly insects and other arthropods. They take prey from leaves and branches; true vireos also flycatch, and the gray vireo takes 5 percent of its prey from the ground.[5]

Systematics

File:White-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus bermudianus) in Bermuda.jpg
A white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus bermudianus) in Bermuda

The family Vireonidae is related to the crow-like birds in family Corvidae and the shrikes in family Laniidae as part of superfamily Corvoidea. As currently circumscribed the family is made up of eight genera.[7][8]

Traditionally the family was considered to include four New World genera containing the true vireos (Vireo), the greenlets (Hylophilus), the shrike-vireos (Vireolanius) and the peppershrikes (Cyclarhis). However, phylogenetic studies found Hylophilus to be polyphyletic, with the greenlets split into three distinct groups: the "scrub" greenlets in a restricted Hylophilus, the "canopy" greenlets in resurrected genus Pachysylvia and the tawny-crowned greenlet in new genus Tunchiornis.[9][10][11]

In addition, biochemical studies have identified two babbler genera (Pteruthius and Erpornis) which may be Old World members of this family.[12] Observers have commented on the vireo-like behaviour of the Pteruthius shrike-babblers, but apparently no-one suspected the biogeographically unlikely possibility of vireo relatives in Asia. Some recent taxonomic treatements, such as the IOC taxonomy followed here, include Pteruthius and Erpornis in Vireionidae,[7][8] whereas other place them in their own families Pteruthidae and Erpornidae.[13]

Species in taxonomic order

Image Genus Species
File:Black-eared Shrike Babbler Khangchendzonga national Park West Sikkim India 30.10.2015.jpg Pteruthius - shrike-babblers[12] Swainson, 1832Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Erpornis zantholeuca.jpg Erpornis [14] Hodgson, 1844Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Pitiguari (Cyclarhis gujanensis) (17359710466).jpg Cyclarhis Swainson, 1824Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the peppershrikes
File:Vireolanius pulchellus -Panama-8a 2.jpg Vireolanius Bonaparte, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the shrike-vireos
File:Hylophilus semicinereus - Grey-chested Greenlet.JPG Hylophilus Temminck, 1822Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Tawny-crowned Greenlet (Hylophilus ochraceiceps) (7222935148).jpg Tunchiornis Slager & Klicka, 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Dusky-capped Greenlet (Hylophilus hypoxanthus).jpg Pachysylvia Bonaparte, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Edit white-eyed vireo blandair 4.20.20 DSC 0224.jpg Vireo Vieillot, 1808Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the true vireos.

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper". Template:OEDsub
  3. ↑ a b Forshaw, Joseph & Parkes, Kenneth C. 1991. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds, p. 209. Merehurst Press, London. Template:ISBN
  4. ↑ White-eyed vireo Template:Webarchive, Audubon Society of Bermuda
  5. ↑ a b c d e Salaman, Paul & Barlow, Jon C. 2003. Vireos. Pp. 478–479 in; Perrins, C. ed. The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books, Oxford. Template:ISBN
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Template:Cite taxon
  8. ↑ a b Template:Cite BOW
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Supporting information

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External links

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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