Dental click

Dental (or more precisely denti-alveolar) clicks are a family of click consonants found, as constituents of words, only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia.

In English, the tut-tut! (British spelling, "tutting") or tsk! tsk! (American spelling, "tsking") sound used to express disapproval or pity is an unreleased dental click, although it is not a lexical phoneme (a sound that distinguishes words) in English but a paralinguistic speech-sound. Similarly paralinguistic usage of dental clicks is made in certain other languages, but the meaning thereof differs widely between many of the languages (e.g., affirmation in Somali but negation in many varieties of Arabic, Turkish and the languages of the Balkans).

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is Template:Angbr IPA, a vertical bar. Prior to 1989, Template:Angbr IPA was the IPA letter for the dental clicks. It is still occasionally used where the symbol Template:Angbr IPA would be confounded with other symbols, such as prosody marks, or simply because in many fonts the vertical bar is indistinguishable from a lowercase L or capital I. Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.

Dental click consonants and their transcription

In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a Template:Angbr IPA via a tie bar, though Template:Angbr IPA is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript Template:Angbr IPA without the tie bar, again often neglecting the Template:Angbr IPA. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; this does not distinguish velar from uvular dental clicks. Common dental clicks in these three transcriptions are:

Trans. I	Trans. II	Trans. III	Description
(velar)
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	tenuis dental click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	aspirated dental click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	voiced dental click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	dental nasal click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	aspirated dental nasal click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA	glottalized dental nasal click
(uvular)
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA		tenuis dental click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA		aspirated dental click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA		voiced dental click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA		dental nasal click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA		aspirated dental nasal click
Template:Angbr IPA	Template:Angbr IPA		glottalized dental nasal click

The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.

In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for dental clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, Template:Angbr IPA, or on the Latin Template:Angbr of Bantu convention. Nama and most Bushman languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter.

Features

Features of dental clicks:

• The forward place of articulation is typically dental (or denti-alveolar) and laminal, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the upper teeth, but depending on the language may be interdental or even apical. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound.

Occurrence

Dental clicks are common in Khoisan languages and the neighboring Nguni languages, such as Zulu and Xhosa. In the Nguni languages, the tenuis click is denoted by the letter c, the murmured click by gc, the aspirated click by ch, and the nasal click by nc. The prenasalized clicks are written ngc and nkc.

The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks, all of them nasalized: .

Dental clicks may also be used para-linguistically. For example, English speakers use a plain dental click, usually written tsk or tut (and often reduplicated tsk-tsk or tut-tut; these spellings often lead to spelling pronunciations or ), as an interjection to express commiseration, disapproval, irritation, or to call a small animal. German ( or ), Hungarian (), Persian (), Portuguese (), Russian (; sound file) Spanish () and French () speakers use the dental click in a similar way as English.

The dental click is also used para-linguistically in Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew and Indo-European Pashto, and Persian where it is transcribed as / and is also used as a negative response to a "yes or no" question (including Dari and Tajiki). It is also used in some languages spoken in regions closer to, or in, Europe, such as Turkish, Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian or Serbo-Croatian to denote a negative response to a "yes or no" question. The dental click is sometimes accompanied by an upward motion of the head.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning
Zulu			=	earring
			=	to fascinate
			=	end
			=	sour corn meal
			=	a bit
Hadza			=	firefly
			=	to be happy
			=	to smack one's lips
			=	rope
Khoekhoe			=	dry autumn leaves
			=	to love
			=	November
			=	to wear out
			=	to divine, prophesize

See also

• Lateral click
• Alveolar click
• Bilabial click
• Palatal click
• Retroflex click
• Index of phonetics articles

External links

• Template:Phoible