Tongliao

Template:Main otherTemplate:Template otherTemplate:Main other TongliaoTemplate:Efn is a prefecture-level city in eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The area is Template:Convert and as of the 2020 census, its population was 2,873,168 (3,139,153 in 2010). However, the city proper made of Horqin district, had 921,808 inhabitants. The city was the administrative centre of the defunct Jirem League.Template:Efn

The original Mongolian name for Tongliao city proper (i.e. Horqin District) is Bayitalai (Template:Lang-zh), while the original name of the prefecture-level city is Jirem. The Mongolian dialect spoken in this area is Khorchin Mongolian.

History

Human settlement in Tongliao and the surrounding Khorchin area dates from at least 1000 BC. The Donghu people, a tribe who spoke a proto-Mongolian language, settled in today's Tongliao area, north of Yan during the Warring States period. their culture was associated with the Upper Xiajiadian culture, characterized by the practice of agriculture and animal husbandry supplemented by handicrafts and bronze art. Later, the Tongliao area was controlled by Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Khitan tribes.

After the Mongolian Khanate had established the Yuan Dynasty in Chinese territory, Tongliao was put under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang province, whose provincial capital was in today's Liaoning Province. In the early Qing period, Khorchin, Dörbod, Jalaid and Gorlos tribes met in Jirem to establish an alliance, and the Jirem League was founded in 1636 to administer Khorchin territory. The Jirem League had jurisdiction over six Khorchin banners, two Gorlos banners, one Dorbod banner and one Jalaid banner. During the Republican period, the Jirem League and the surrounding Khorchin area was controlled by the Fengtian and Liaoning provinces.

In 1918, Tongliao County was first established under the administration of the Jirem League and Fengtian province. After the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria in 1931, a Japanese-controlled puppet state Manchukuo was established in Xinjing, 280 kilometers away from today's Tongliao urban area. The Manchukuo government set up Xing'an Province and soon divided it into four parts, in order to govern the western part of former Heilongjiang, Jilin and Fengtian provinces. These Xing'an provinces roughly overlap today's eastern part of Inner Mongolia, including today's Hulunbuir League, Xingan League, Chifeng and Tongliao. After the dissolution of the Manchukuo state, the Jirem League was governed by Liaoning and Liaobei provinces until Ulanhu established Inner Mongolia in Ulanhot, governing eastern Mongolian areas including the Hulunbuir, Jirem and Ju Ud leagues. After 1969, the Jirem League was put under the administration of Jilin province administration for 10 years until 1979. In 1999, the Jirem League became defunct and changed its name to Tongliao city, which was set up a prefecture-level city.

In 1924, Oomoto leader Onisaburo Deguchi, Aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba, and Lu Zhankui were arrested by Chinese authorities in Tongliao. Lu and his men were executed by firing squad, but Deguchi and Ueshiba were released into the customer of the Japanese consul.

Geography and climate

Tongliao spans latitude 42°15'Template:Spaced ndash45°41' and longitude 119°15'Template:Spaced ndash123°43', and borders Jilin province to the east, Liaoning to the south, Chifeng to the southwest, the Xilin Gol League to the west, and the Hinggan League to the north. Not far from Tongliao are silica sands. Tongliao has a total area of Template:Convert, accounting for 5.4% of Inner Mongolia's total.

Tongliao's topography primarily consists of plains, though the northern stretch of the prefecture extends into the eastern foothills of the southern Greater Khingan. The central and eastern parts of the prefecture are marked by the plains of the Xiliao, Xinkai River (), and Jiaolai rivers (), collectively forming the Sanhe Plain (Template:Lang-zh). The highest point in the prefecture is Tunte'er Peak (), at Template:Convert.

Tongliao has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, continental steppe climate (Köppen BSk), with long, cold, windy, but dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly mean temperatures range from Template:Convert in January to Template:Convert in July, with an annual mean of Template:Convert. Much of the year's rainfall occurs from June to August, and even then dry and sunny weather dominates in the city. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 57% in July to 78% in January, sunshine is abundant year-round, with 3,054 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Subdivisions

Map
Horqin Horqin Left Middle Banner Horqin Left Back Banner Kailu County Hure Banner Naiman Banner Jarud Banner Holingol (city)
Name	Mongolian	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2020)	Area (km2)	Density (/km2)
Horqin District	Template:MongolUnicode (Qorčin toɣoriɣ)		Template:Transliteration	921,808	3,515.69	262
Holingol city	Template:MongolUnicode (Qoolin Ɣool qota)		Template:Transliteration	138,676	584.65	237
Kailu County	Template:MongolUnicode (Ḵayilü siyan)		Template:Transliteration	313,364	4,353.20	72
Hure Banner	Template:MongolUnicode (Küriy-e qosiɣu)		Template:Transliteration	151,133	4,709	32
Naiman Banner	Template:MongolUnicode (Naiman qosiɣu)		Template:Transliteration	375,312	8,135.22	46
Jarud Banner	Template:MongolUnicode (Jarud qosiɣu)		Template:Transliteration	251,806	16,491.6	15
Horqin Left Middle Banner (Horqin Jun Garun Dundad Banner)	Template:MongolUnicode (Qorčin Jegün Ɣarun Dumdadu qosiɣu)		Template:Transliteration	399,631	9,572.54	42
Horqin Left Back Banner (Horqin Jun Garun Hoit Banner)	Template:MongolUnicode (Qorčin Jegün Ɣarun Qoyitu qosiɣu)		Template:Transliteration	321,438	11,499.64	28

Demographics

Ethnic groups in Tongliao, 2010 census.

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
Han	1,592,279	50.72%
Mongol	1,441,275	45.91%
Manchu	88,316	2.81%
Hui	12,462	0.4%
Korean	2,421	0.08%
Xibe	890	0.03%
Daur	548	0.02%

Transport

File:Dalian-Tongliao train, China.jpg

Local train from Dalian to Tongliao (2002)

Tongliao railway station is a railway hub in both Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. Tongliao-Beijing Railway conveniently connects the city with Beijing. Jining–Tongliao railway connects Inner Mongolia. There are also railways connecting Tongliao with Shenyang and Daqing. State Highway 111, State Highway 303, State Highway 304 and State Highway 204 run through the city and extend to harbor cities such as Tianjin, Dalian, and Qinhuangdao. The city is served by Tongliao Airport.

Education

The Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (Template:Lang-zh)and Inner Mongolia College of Farming and Animal Husbandry (merged into the Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities) are among the educational institutions of Tongliao.

Additionally Tongliao Mongolian Middle School (Template:Lang-zh) is there.

Points of interest

• Zhurihe Ranch (珠日河牧場)
• Daqinggou (大青溝)

Every summer, the Naadam festival is held at Tongliao's Zhurihe Ranch.Template:Better source needed

• Zhurihe Grassland (Zhurihe Ranch)
  Zhurihe Grassland (Zhurihe Ranch)
• Zhurihe Ranch in a festive mood of Naadam
  Zhurihe Ranch in a festive mood of Naadam
• Before the Horse race
  Before the Horse race
• Start of the horse race
  Start of the horse race
• Running of the horses
  Running of the horses

Notable people

• Gada Meiren
• Guo Shuang

External links

• Tungliyo Government (in Mongolian)
• Tongliao Government (in Chinese)
• www.tongliao.info (in Chinese)
• Tongliao Mongolian Middle School Template:Inlang