Shipibo language

Shipibo (also Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo-Konibo) is a Panoan language spoken in Peru and Brazil by approximately 26,000 speakers. Shipibo is a recognized indigenous language of Peru.

Dialects

File:Shipibo jar (UBC-2010)a.jpg

A Shipibo jar

Shipibo has three attested dialects:

• Shipibo and Konibo (Conibo), which have merged
• Kapanawa of the Tapiche River,Template:Sfnp which is obsolescent

Extinct Xipináwa (Shipinawa) is thought to have been a dialect as well,Template:Sfnp but there is no linguistic data.

Phonology

Vowels

File:Shipibo monophthongs chart.svg

Monophthongs of Shipibo, from Template:Harvcoltxt

Monophthong phonemesTemplate:Sfnp

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Mid			Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Open		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr

• and are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case): Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, is more front than cardinal Template:IPAblink: Template:IPAblink, whereas is more close and more central Template:IPAblink than cardinal Template:IPAblink. The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas before coronal consonants (especially ) can be as central as Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
• In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.Template:Sfnp

Nasal

• The oral vowels are phonetically nasalized after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes .Template:Sfnp
• Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than intervenes.Template:Sfnp

Unstressed

• The second one of the two adjacent unstressed vowels is often deleted.Template:Sfnp
• Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.Template:Sfnp

Consonants

Consonant phonemesTemplate:Sfnp

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palato- alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Plosive		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr			Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Affricate			Template:IPA link Template:Angbr		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Fricative	voiceless		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
	voiced	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Approximant		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr

• are bilabial, whereas is labialized velar.
  • is most typically a fricative Template:IPAblink, but other realizations (such as an approximant Template:IPAblink, a stop Template:IPAblink and an affricate Template:IPAblink) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.Template:Sfnp
• are alveolar , whereas is dental Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
• The distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.Template:Sfnp
• is velar, whereas is palatal.Template:Sfnp
• Before nasal vowels, are nasalized and may be even realized close to nasal stops .Template:Sfnp
• is realized as Template:IPAblink before , as Template:IPAblink before and as Template:IPAblink before . It does not occur before .Template:Sfnp
• is a very variable sound:
  • Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication (Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink).Template:Sfnp
  • Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate , or a stop-approximant sequence .Template:Sfnp
  • It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
• Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2000). El Acento en Shipibo (Stress in Shipibo). Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima - Peru.
• Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2005). Theoretical Aspects of Panoan Metrical Phonology: Disyllabic Footing and Contextual Syllable Weight. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University. ROA 804 [1].
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. Template:ISBN.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Loriot, James and Barbara E. Hollenbach. 1970. "Shipibo paragraph structure." Foundations of Language 6: 43–66. (This was the seminal Discourse Analysis paper taught at SIL in 1956–7.)
• Loriot, James, Erwin Lauriault, and Dwight Day, compilers. 1993. Diccionario shipibo - castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 31. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 554 p. (Spanish zip-file available online http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=928474530143&Lang=eng) This has a complete grammar published in English by SIL only available through SIL.

External links

• Shipibo-Conibo at Ethnologue
• Lengua Shipibo at Proel
• Shipibo-Conibo (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)