SAC Syndikalisterna

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other The Central Organisation of Swedish WorkersTemplate:Sfnm (Template:Langx;Template:Refn SAC) is a Swedish syndicalist trade union federation. The SAC organises people from all occupations and industries in one single federation, including the unemployed, students, and the retired. The SAC also publishes the weekly newspaper ("the Worker"), owns the publishing house Template:Ill and ran the unemployment fund (SAAK).

History

Establishment

File:Sacinsignia.png

Insignia of SAC

Trade unions were first established in Sweden during the late 19th century. During the 1890s, trade union activities were largely coordinated by the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP), which favoured reformism and electoralism over revolutionary syndicalism.Template:Sfn In 1898, the SAP established the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO), the first national trade union centre in Sweden.Template:Sfnm Anarcho-syndicalism emerged in Sweden out of the far-left opposition to social democratic influence over the labour movement.Template:Sfnm Members of the Young Socialists (SUF) began to advocate for the adoption of the syndicalist methods of the French General Confederation of Labour (CGT).Template:Sfnm SUF member Template:Ill became the leading advocate of anarcho-syndicalism in Sweden, synthesising the ideas of Daniel De Leon together with anarchist proposals for a post-capitalist society.Template:Sfn In November 1906, leading members of the SUF were suspended from the SAP, cementing the organisation's definitive shift towards syndicalism.Template:Sfn In August 1908, the SUF broke away from the SAP.Template:Sfnm They established their own party, which rejected reformism, electoralism and centralisation, endorsed the prefigurative conception of trade unionism and advocated for a revolutionary general strike.Template:Sfn

By this time, the nascent Swedish Employers' Confederation (SAF) had established a collective bargaining agreement with the LO, which included a "right to work". But in 1908, industrial disputes between employers and workers were escalating into open class conflict, as lockouts threatened 220,000 Swedish workers with unemployment. Negotiations between the LO and SAF, mediated by the government, briefly halted the dispute.Template:Sfn When negotiations halted and the lockouts resumed, on 4 August 1909, the LO called a 1909 Swedish general strike.Template:Sfnm Over 300,000 workers went on strike,Template:Sfn shutting down the country's industrial economy.Template:Sfn After one month, the LO called for a partial return to work, which resulted in the deescalation of the strike by the autumn,Template:Sfn lasting until 13 November 1909.Template:Sfn The strike was ultimately defeated;Template:Sfnm none of the workers' demands were met and thousands were dismissed from their jobs.Template:Sfn The defeat caused widespread disillusionment among rank-and-file trade union members with their social-democratic union leaders.Template:Sfnm Half the LO's membership left the organisation over the following year.Template:Sfn

By 1910, syndicalist opponents of the social-democrats had established the Central Organisation of Swedish Workers (SAC).Template:Sfnm In June 1910, the SAC held its founding congress in Stockholm, bringing together 37 delegates from various trade unions and socialist organisations, including the SUF; the delegates were largely men, with only one woman present.Template:Sfn The SAC was established along syndicalist lines, based on the model of the French CGT and the North American Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), which organised it into a federation of local organisations.Template:Sfn By the end of 1910, the SAC had 21 local federations, which brought together workers of various trades,Template:Sfn largely construction workers, foresters,Template:Sfnm metalworkers,Template:Sfn miners and stonemasons. The largest local federation was in the northern mining town of Kiruna.Template:Sfn The SAC rapidly grew in size and influence over the course of the 1910s, coming to count 32,000 members by 1920.Template:Sfnm It remained relatively small compared to the LO, but was able to lead a series of strike actions by itself.Template:Sfn

International relations

File:Sackonferens1917.jpg

SAC workers conference, held in Örebro 25–26 November 1917, which resolved to plan mass action for the 8-hour working day in the spring of 1918.

In September 1913, delegates from the SAC attended the First International Syndicalist Congress in London, where they and other revolutionary syndicalist unions attempted to establish a Syndicalist International.Template:Sfn However, this process was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I.Template:Sfn Throughout the war and after, the SAC maintained close relations with the syndicalist federations in Norway and Denmark.Template:Sfn

The SAC was sceptical of the rise of Bolshevism that occurred in the wake of the Russian Revolution, considering it to be a centralist and authoritarian ideology.Template:Sfn It refused to affiliate to the Red International of Labor Unions (RILU), as the SAC considered it to be an organ of party politics and thus incompatible with the anti-political stance of syndicalism.Template:Sfn In December 1920, the SAC participated in an international syndicalist conference in Berlin.Template:Sfn When a Russian delegate encouraged the syndicalist delegates to affiliate themselves with the RILU, the SAC delegation responded by criticising the government of Vladimir Lenin and its political repression of the Russian anarchist movement.Template:Sfn

The SAC attended the RILU's July 1921 congress in Moscow, where it supported a motion to keep the RILU independent from the Communist International, but the motion was defeated.Template:Sfn Syndicalist unions that were in the opposition at this congress decided to establish their own international association.Template:Sfn At a subsequent syndicalist conference, held in Düsseldorf in October 1921, delegates from the SAC supported the establishment of a syndicalist international.Template:Sfn Back in Sweden, the SAC formally voted against affiliating with the Communist International in an internal referendum.Template:Sfn In December 1922, the SAC, along with syndicalist unions from Argentina, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Spain, established the International Workers' Association (IWA).Template:Sfn Members of the SAC rapidly approved its affiliation with the IWA.Template:Sfnm

Division and repression

By the 1920s, Sweden was seeing the most industrial disputes of any country in Europe.Template:Sfn In 1922, the SAC began publishing its journal Arbetaren (Template:Langx),Template:Sfn through its publishing house Template:Ill.Template:Sfn Membership of the SAC peaked at 37,000 in 1924.Template:Sfn In 1928, the SAC experienced a split, as more radical syndicalist members, led by P. J. Welinder, left the organisation and established the Syndikalistiska Arbetarefederationen (Template:Langx; SAF). Welinder believed that the SAC was too moderate and pushed for more confrontational tactics during strikes. Despite the split, the SAC maintained a membership of 35,000 throughout the 1930s, while the SAF had only a few thousand members. By the late 1930s, following the death of Welinder, the SAF merged back into the SAC.Template:Sfn

In the wake of the Spanish Revolution of 1936, the SAC criticised the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) for joining the government of Spain, although it also accepted the CNT's tactical autonomy on the matter and defended the policy of anti-fascist unity.Template:Sfn After the defeat of the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, many exiled syndicalists moved to Sweden and joined the SAC. In 1938, the secretariat of the IWA relocated to Stockholm.Template:Sfn

During World War II, the grand coalition that governed Sweden introduced a number of emergency measures which restricted workplace organising. The SAC became one of the few opposition forces in Sweden; its protests against the government's appeasement of Nazi Germany made it a target of political repression, which weakened the organisation and caused its membership numbers to dwindle. Members of the SAC, including Arbetaren editor Birger Svahn, were imprisoned or sent to internment camps, the latter of which had been established to separate left-wing radicals from detained military personnel.Template:Sfn

Post-war revisions

Following the conclusion of World War II, anarcho-syndicalist unions throughout Europe experienced a decline,Template:Sfnm while reformist trade unionism began to see a resurgence.Template:Sfn In Sweden, where the anarcho-syndicalist movement hadn't been suppressed by dictatorship or wartime repression, the SAC remained active, making it one of the few IWA affiliates that continued to function.Template:Sfnm The Swedish state was also developing into a social democracy, with a comprehensive system of welfare and collective bargaining, in which trade unions themselves were tasked with administering social benefits.Template:Sfn

Although the SAC had earned moral recognition for its opposition to Nazism during the war, its relevance as a workers' organisation was diminishing.Template:Sfn From 1945 to 1957, its membership numbers declined from 22,000 to 16,000.Template:Sfn Moderate syndicalists within the SAC, led by the German emigrant Helmut Rüdiger, believed that if the SAC was to survive as an organisation, then it needed to provide a workable alternative to the LO; they argued that, due to the changes brought by the record years of economic expansion and modernisation, the principles of anarcho-syndicalism needed to be revised.Template:Sfn Rüdiger thought that, as the states which anarcho-syndicalists had previous opposed had since been transformed into welfare states, overthrowing the state would also mean abolishing its social programmes. In a challenge to the anarchist "orthodoxy" of anti-statism, he thus proposed that anarcho-syndicalists should act within existing state systems in order to democratise the economy, rather than waiting around for a social revolution.Template:Sfn He also expressed support for participation in local government.Template:Sfnm This "new orientation" (Template:Langx) increasingly informed the practices of the SAC, as the moderate faction gained more influence during the 1950s.Template:Sfn

In order to pursue such reforms to the state structure and bolster its own popularity, the SAC elected to participate in the administration of unemployment benefits in Sweden.Template:Sfnm In 1952, the SAC membership voted to approve the creation of a syndicalist-administered unemployment insurance fund. Rejecting direct action, they declared their goal to be the establishment of industrial democracy by bringing state and private companies under workers' control. Template:Ill, the editor of Arbetaren, declared the SAC to have renounced the "magic wand of revolution".Template:Sfn Instead he announced that the SAC "regards the progressive democratisation of the economy as its primary task... The basic idea consists in gradually transferring economic power from the shareholders to the producers."Template:Sfn During this period, while its political platform grew increasingly moderate, the SAC also saw a marked growth in its membership.Template:Sfnm

The SAC's establishment of unemployment insurance funds resulted in the further deterioration of relations between it and the IWA,Template:Sfnm which increasingly criticised the SAC as "reformist"Template:Sfnm and "collaborationist".Template:Sfn The IWA secretariat pulled out of Sweden in 1953.Template:Sfn The Spanish CNT was particularly critical of the SAC, which it felt was contracting the IWA's founding values, especially after the SAC involved itself in the CNT's internal factional dispute.Template:Sfn The CNT called for members of the IWA to reaffirm traditional anarchist principles, to reject any collaboration with the state and to repeal of the IWA's statute of tactical autonomy, a motion which passed at the IWA's 1956 congress.Template:Sfn Tensions between the CNT and SAC came to a head at the IWA's 1958 congress, when the SAC withdrew from the international organisation.Template:Sfnm For its part, the SAC called for the "modernisation" of anarcho-syndicalism by revising its principles to fit post-war material conditions.Template:Sfn

Contemporary era

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Malmö LS 1 May 1991.

Throughout the 1960s, the SAC saw an increase in its membership numbers, although following the turbulence of the previous decades, it also lacked a coherent ideological programme and its members became concerned that it was facing stagnation.Template:Sfn Among other issues, the SAC struggled to find common ground with the counterculture of the 1960s.Template:Sfn This trend was reversed by the late 1960s, when a new generation of young activists joined the SAC, which they saw as a means to agitate for left-wing policies. Local federations subsequently reorientated themselves from workplace organising towards broader social campaigns, including environmentalism, feminism and LGBT rights.Template:Sfn

In the 1970s, the SAC began to swing back towards far-left politics and reaffirmed some syndicalist principles, although it continued to administer state unemployment benefits.Template:Sfn In 1993, the SAC established a youth section, the Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation (SUF).Template:Sfnm As it remained excluded from the IWA, the SAC also increasingly sought international cooperation with other syndicalist organisations not affiliated with an international.Template:Sfn In 2001, the SAC co-founded the International Libertarian Solidarity network, together with other anarcho-syndicalist and anarcho-communist organisations throughout Europe.Template:Sfn The following decade, the SAC participated in the establishment of Red and Black Coordination, which brought it together with the British branch of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the French National Confederation of Labour (CNT-F), the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI), the Greek Union of Libertarian Syndicalists (ESE), the Polish Workers' Initiative (IP), and the Spanish General Confederation of Labour (CGT).Template:Sfn

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SAC centenary celebration in Stockholm (2010)

Towards the end of the 20th century, the institution of neoliberalism in Sweden damaged the SAC's position within the welfare state. By 2002, the SAC's membership had declined to 7,000 members.Template:Sfn By the turn of the 21st century, members of the SAC were growingly increasingly frustrated with the shift in focus away from workplace organising and began campaigning for the SAC to return to its anarcho-syndicalist roots. In 2002, the SAC national congress passed motion to refocus efforts on workplace organising, while also maintaining an intersectional analysis of oppression. It also reorganised itself into a more fluid structure, cutting the number of employed officials and enforcing the regular rotation of its administrative positions. These changes were hotly debated but ultimately resolved, leading to the consolidation of a new direction for the SAC. The SAC continued to face a declining membership, which fell to 5,500 in 2012, but its membership also saw an increased representation of women and young people.Template:Sfn The restructuring also highlighted the SAC's urban-rural divide, as it caused a resurgence of activism in the urban centres of Gothenburg, Malmö and Stockholm, while local federations in small towns and rural areas faced difficulties adapting to the organisational changes.Template:Sfn

Since its centenary in 2010, the SAC has been credited as the only anarcho-syndicalist organisation to have carried out uninterrupted activity for more than a century. In September 2012, it held its 13th congress in Gävle, where it prepared for its second century of organisation. Gabriel Kuhn highlighted its internal reorganisation, its urban-rural divide and the resumption of international cooperation as the main challenges facing the SAC in its second century.Template:Sfn

Campaigns

Anti-fascism

Since the 1990s, the rise of far-right politics in Sweden has threatened members of the SAC. On 12 October 1999, SAC member Björn Söderberg was murdered for protesting a far-right activist's election to his shop's works council. The attack provoked mass anti-fascist demonstrations throughout Sweden and a crackdown on far-right extremists, with broad support from Swedish society. Despite the crackdown, far-right attacks against the SAC persisted. In 2008, two members of the SAC and their infant daughter narrowly escaped an arson attack against their home.Template:Sfn In commemoration of Söderberg, the SAC holds an annual memorial event and awards a Civil Courage Prize (Template:Langx).Template:Sfn

Critique of corporate globalisation

The SAC coordinated political demonstrations against the 2001 European Council meeting in Gothenburg, during which violent clashes broke out between police and demonstrators.Template:Sfn

Organising undocumented workers

In 2004, the Stockholm local federation of the SAC established an Undocumented Group (Template:Langx), which was tasked with organising migrant workers without work permits, many of whom have immigrated to Sweden from Latin America since the 1970s.Template:Sfn The founding meeting was held in the building of the Workers' Education Association (Template:Langx; ABF) and attended by 100 people, half of whom were undocumented workers, with Latin American organisers taking charge of the meeting.Template:Sfn The SAC's attempts to organise undocumented workers were opposed by members of the LO and the Left Party, who accused the SAC of undercutting the wages of native Swedes.Template:Sfn To agitate for fair wages for migrant workers in the service industry, who worked long hours for low wages in a hostile work environment, the SAC opted for its "register method" (Template:Langx); the union itself decided a minimum wage, without collective bargaining, and any employers who refused were picketed.Template:Sfn

The breakthrough campaign for the SAC's undocumented workers' union came in 2007, when one of their members had their wages withheld by their employers at the South Asian restaurant they worked in. After negotiations failed, the SAC picketed the restaurant, securing payment of the unpaid wages after seven weeks. In the wake of this campaign, many business owners complied with the SAC's demands rather than face similar campaigns. The following year, SAC members began protesting against poor working conditions and unpaid wages at an up-market restaurant in Djurgården. After thousands of participants at the 2009 International Workers Day demonstration pledged to join the campaign, the employer compensated the workers by $30,000 (Template:Inflation).Template:Sfn When cleaners at the Berns complex were denied their wages, a one-day SAC picket managed to resolve the issue, but after it was discovered that the Berns employers had illegally blacklisted syndicalists from employment, the SAC resumed its campaign against them. Events at the Berns were cancelled or boycotted, while members of the SAC emptied trash outside its doors, provoking outrage from conservative politicians and press, who compared the SAC to a gang.Template:Sfn

The organising of undocumented workers gave a boost to the SAC, as migrant workers rose to official positions within the union and its other members were energised by the campaigns. The initiative quickly spread from Stockholm to Malmö, where picket lines became the scene of violent clashes between striking workers and police. 26 protestors were arrested and ultimately found guilty of disobeying the police, for which they were fined thousands of Swedish crowns.Template:Sfn

Organisation

The SAC is a decentralised organisation, in which its sections have a large amount of autonomy and are federatively-linked together within the SAC.Template:Sfn The SAC has two types of constituent section: geographic- and branch-level organisations.Template:Sfn

The base geographic unit of the SAC is the local federation (Template:Langx; LS), which brings together workers in a given municipality to coordinate their workplace struggles.Template:Sfn Local federations are grouped together based on district, in which they share infrastructure, provide mutual aid and organise campaigns. Each elect their own delegates to nationwide meetings of the SAC.Template:Sfn As of 2014, the SAC counted around 50 local federations throughout Sweden, the largest of which is in Stockholm, which counts roughly 1,000 members.Template:Sfn

The base branch unit of the SAC are shop branches, which organise workers within the same workplace, irrespective of their trade. Shop branches are grouped together into union branches, which unite workplace branches that work in the same industry. Union branches are finally united into national federations, which group together all union branches in their industry.Template:Sfn

The central body of the SAC is its Executive Committee (Template:Langx; AU), which consists of seven members that meet on a bi-weekly basis to handle administrative tasks. Members of the AU are elected by the SAC's national congress, which brings together delegates representing each local federation, as well as proportional representation for each 100 members.Template:Sfn Alongside wage workers, the SAC also allows the unemployed, students and pensioners to join its ranks.Template:Sfn

Ideology

The SAC is a syndicalist organisation, which was founded on anti-capitalist and socialist principles. Membership of the SAC is open to all workers, regardless of their ideology, although many of its members have identified with libertarian socialism or anarchism.Template:Sfn The SAC favours direct action, rather than just negotiating with employers.Template:Sfn The SAC aims to provide a more democratic and self-organised alternative to the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO), the country's largest trade union centre.Template:Sfn

Notable members

• Stig Dagerman
• Jan Fridegård
• Folke Fridell
• Britta Gröndahl
• Elise Ottesen-Jensen

See also

• Anarchism in Sweden
• General Confederation of Labour (Spain)

Further reading

• Template:Cite thesis

External links

• Template:Official website Template:In lang
• YouTube