Rochus Misch

Rochus Misch (29 July 1917 – 5 September 2013) was a German Oberscharführer (sergeant) in the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH). He was badly wounded during the Polish campaign during the first month of World War II in Europe. After recovering, from 1940 to April 1945, he served in the Führerbegleitkommando (Führer Escort Command; FBK) as a bodyguard, courier, and telephone operator for German dictator Adolf Hitler.

Misch was widely reported in the media as being the last surviving former occupant of the Führerbunker when he died in September 2013. However, it was later reported that former nurse Johanna Ruf, who died in 2023 at the age of 94, was the last surviving occupant of the Führerbunker.

Early life and education

Misch was born on 29 July 1917 in Alt-Schalkowitz near Oppeln (Opole) in the Province of Silesia (now Stare Siołkowice, Poland). His father, a construction worker, died of wounds sustained in World War I. His widowed mother died of pneumonia when he was two and a half, and he grew up with his grandparents.Template:Sfn His older brother Bruno died following a swimming accident in 1922.Template:Sfn

Over the objections of the school director, his grandfather took him out of school after eight years as he thought Rochus needed to learn a trade.Template:Sfn After several years, Misch moved to Hoyerswerda and became an apprentice with the firm of Schmüller & Model. There he trained as a painter.Template:Sfn In 1935, after working as a journeyman painter, Misch attended the Masters' School for Fine Arts in Cologne. After six months, he returned to Hoyerswerda to continue his training.Template:Sfn Misch met Gerda, his wife-to-be, in July 1938. They later married on New Year's Eve, 1942. They had a daughter, Brigitta Jacob-Engelken, who, after the end of World War II, supported Jewish causes.

Military service

In 1937, Misch received a call-up notice for military service. In Offenberg, he joined the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT), the predecessor to the Waffen-SS, instead of the German Army as the SS-VT did not require Reichsarbeitsdienst (National Labour Service) time.Template:Sfn Along with eleven others, he was selected for Hitler's personal bodyguard unit, the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH).Template:Sfn In August 1939, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Rottenführer.Template:Sfn

World War II

For the invasion of Poland in September 1939, his regiment was attached to the XIII Army Corps, a part of the 8th Army.Template:Sfn Near Warsaw on 24 September, he was one of four men selected by his company commander, then SS-Hauptsturmführer Wilhelm Mohnke, to negotiate the surrender of Polish troops during the Battle of Modlin.Template:Sfn He was picked because of his ability, although very limited, to speak Polish. After the negotiations failed, the Germans headed back to their lines. When they were about 80 metres from the fort, firing began.Template:Sfn Several rounds struck Misch, who fell down and lost consciousness. Some German soldiers carried him to an aid station. Later, he was transferred to two different hospitals.Template:Sfn Thereafter, he spent six weeks at a convalescent home.Template:Sfn For his actions, Misch was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class.Template:Sfn As Misch was the last living member of his Lower Silesian family, Mohnke recommended him for the SS-Begleitkommando des Führers (Führer Escort Command; FBK).Template:Sfn This was made up of SS members, including men from the LSSAH, who were not serving on the front lines.Template:Sfn

Misch was transferred to the FBK in early May 1940.Template:Sfn As a junior member of Hitler's permanent bodyguard, Misch travelled with Hitler throughout the war. When not serving as bodyguards, Misch and the others in the unit served as telephone operators, couriers, orderlies, valets, and waiters.Template:Sfn When on duty, the FBK members were the only armed men Hitler allowed to be near him.Template:Sfn They never had to surrender their weapon and were never searched when they were with Hitler. It did cause Misch some concern that they were armed only with Walther PPK 7.65 pistols.Template:Sfn

On 16 January 1945, following the Wehrmacht's defeat in the Battle of the Bulge, Misch and the rest of Hitler's personal staff moved into the Führerbunker and Vorbunker under the Reich Chancellery garden in Berlin.Template:Sfn His FBK commanding officer, Franz Schädle, appointed Misch to be the bunker telephone operator.Template:Sfn Misch handled all of the direct communication from the bunker. He did not leave it for any significant period of time until the war ended in May 1945. On 22 April 1945, Schädle called him on the phone and told him there was a place reserved for his wife and young daughter on one of the last planes out of Berlin.Template:Sfn Misch was temporarily released from duty and drove to pick up his family to take them to the aircraft. However, his wife refused to take their daughter and leave him and her parents in Berlin.Template:Sfn Upon returning to the Reich Chancellery, Misch learned Hitler was releasing most of the remaining staff to leave Berlin.Template:Sfn By that date, as the Red Army was entering Berlin, propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda brought their six young children to stay in the Vorbunker.Template:Sfn Joseph Goebbels moved into the room next to Misch's telephone exchange in the lower level of the Führerbunker.Template:Sfn The Goebbels children would play in the corridor around Misch's post.Template:Sfn

On 30 April, the Soviets were less than from the bunker.Template:Sfn That afternoon, Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide less than 40 hours after they were married.Template:Sfn Misch witnessed the discovery of the bodies of Hitler and Braun.Template:Sfn He followed Otto Günsche and Hitler's chief valet Heinz Linge to the door of Hitler's private room.Template:Sfn After the door was opened, Misch only took a quick "glance". He saw Eva, with her legs drawn up, to Hitler's left on the sofa. Her eyes were open and she was dead.Template:Sfn Hitler was also dead. He was either sitting on the sofa or in the armchair by it; his head "had fallen forward slightly".Template:Sfn Misch started to leave to report the events to Schädle, then stopped and returned to the door of Hitler's study. Misch then observed that Hitler's corpse had been removed from inside the study and wrapped in a blanket. Several men then picked it up and carried it past him. Misch left and reported the events to Schädle, who instructed him to return to his duty station.Template:Sfn After returning to the telephone exchange, Misch later recalled Unterscharführer Retzbach proclaiming "So they're burning the boss now!"Template:Sfn Retzbach asked Misch if he was going upstairs to watch the events, but Misch declined to go. Thereafter, Günsche came down and told Misch that the corpses of Hitler and Braun had been burned in the garden of the Reich Chancellery.Template:Sfn

Misch was present in the bunker complex when Magda Goebbels poisoned her six children and then committed suicide with her husband Joseph on 1 May 1945.Template:Sfn According to Misch, this act by the Goebbels' of murdering their children was most unsettling.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Years later he stated that event was the "most dreadful thing" he experienced in the bunker.Template:Sfn

Prior to his suicide, Joseph Goebbels finally released Misch from further service; he was free to leave.Template:Sfn Misch and mechanic Johannes Hentschel were two of the last people remaining in the bunker. They exchanged letters to their wives in case anything happened to either of them.Template:Sfn Misch then went upstairs through the cellars of the Reich Chancellery to where Schädle had his office to report one last time. According to Hentschel, by that time Schädle's shrapnel leg wound had turned gangrenous.Template:Sfn Misch told Schädle that Goebbels had released him. Schädle told Misch what route he should take in order to avoid the Soviet encirclement of the Berlin area.Template:Sfn Thereafter, Schädle shot himself.Template:Sfn Misch fled the bunker in the early morning of 2 May, only hours before the Red Army seized it.Template:Sfn He met up with some other soldiers and travelled north through the U-Bahn tunnels. Shortly thereafter, they were taken prisoner by Red Army soldiers.Template:Sfn Misch was brought to Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, where he was tortured by Soviet NKVD officers in an attempt to extract information regarding Hitler's last days.Template:Sfn Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was extremely interested in learning of Hitler's fate and theories about possible escape. Misch spent eight years in Soviet forced labour camps.

Later life and death

After his release from captivity, Misch returned to what was then West Berlin on 31 December 1953.Template:Sfn At the time, Misch's wife Gerda worked as a teacher in Neukölln.Template:Sfn Misch struggled for several years with what to do with his life after captivity. He was offered various odd jobs, among others as a porter in a hospital and as a driver.Template:Sfn Most of these job offers were through his wartime contacts, and required moving away from Berlin, which his wife refused to do.Template:Sfn He finally obtained a loan backed by wealthy German philanthropists to buy a painting and interior decorating shop from a retiree in Berlin.Template:Sfn The business had been started by Misch's old friend Adolf Kleinholdermann.Template:Sfn In 1975, Gerda was elected to the parliament of West Berlin in which she served for several years. Years later, Gerda developed Alzheimer's and she died in 1998.Template:Sfn Misch continued to manage his shop until his retirement in 1986 at the age of 68.Template:Sfn

Misch was loyal to Hitler to the end of his life, stating in Nazi apologia, "He was no brute. He was no monster. He was no superman", "...very normal. Not like what is written", and "[h]e was a wonderful boss". Misch's daughter, Brigitta, learned through her maternal grandmother that Gerda was of Jewish descent. However, Gerda never mentioned it and her father refused to acknowledge it. Brigitta became an architect and has supported Jewish causes. She stated that she was disappointed by her father's lack of remorse after the war.

After the release of the 2004 German film Downfall (Der Untergang) in France, French journalist Nicolas Bourcier interviewed Misch on a number of occasions in 2005. The resulting biography was published in French as J'étais garde du corps d'Hitler 1940–1945 ("I was Hitler's bodyguard 1940–1945") in March 2006, Template:ISBN. Translations were released in South America, Japan, Spain, Poland, Turkey, and Germany in 2006 and 2007. Misch served as consultant to writer Christopher McQuarrie on the 2008 film Valkyrie, a Hollywood depiction of the 20 July plot.Template:Sfn

In a 2005 interview, Misch called Downfall "Americanized" while comparing what happened in the film to what happened in real life, stating that although it portrayed the important facts accurately, it exaggerated other details for dramatic effect, such as the film's characters screaming and shouting when in his recollection most people in the bunker spoke quietly. In the interview he also expressed some skepticism regarding Hitler's role in Nazi atrocities. He also opined that "Neo-Nazis" did not exist but were rather just patriotic people, and that the US invaded Iraq in 2003 to enrich Israel.

After listening to an 11-minute recording of Hitler in private conversation with Finnish Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Misch opined: "He is speaking normally, but I'm having problems with the tone; the intonation isn't quite right. Sometimes it seems okay, but at other points not. I have the feeling it's someone mimicking Hitler. It really sounds as if someone is mimicking him."

With the deaths of Bernd von Freytag-Loringhoven on 27 February 2007, Armin Lehmann on 10 October 2008, and Siegfried Knappe on 1 December 2008, Misch was said to be the last survivor of the Führerbunker. His memoir in German, Der letzte Zeuge ("The Last Witness"), was published in 2008. The English edition was published in 2014 with an introduction by historian Roger Moorhouse.Template:Sfn Misch lived in Berlin in the same house he moved into when he was released by the Soviets. The house is in the district of Rudow in south Berlin.Template:Sfn Misch regularly received visitors who wished to speak to or interview him. Misch died in Berlin on 5 September 2013 aged 96.Template:Sfn

In July 2017, it was reported that Johanna Ruf, who at the time of her stay in the Führerbunker was a 15 year old nurse, was the last survivor of the Führerbunker. Ruf died on 21 June 2023.

Books

• J'étais garde du corps d'Hitler 1940–1945 (I was Hitler's bodyguard 1940–1945), with Nicolas Bourcier. Le Cherche Midi 2006, Template:ISBN.
• Rochus Misch: Der letzte Zeuge. Ich war Hitlers Telefonist, Kurier und Leibwächter. Mit einem Vorwort von Ralph Giordano. 11. Auflage, Piper-Verlag 2013, Template:ISBN.
• Hitler's Last Witness: The Memoirs of Hitler's Bodyguard. Frontline Books 2014, Template:ISBN.

See also

• The Bunker
• Downfall (Der Untergang)
• Die Letzte Schlacht (The Last Battle)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Part 2 – Eva Braun saß tot in der Couchecke
• interview with Rochus Misch
• Template:Cite video