Eva Braun

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Eva Anna Paula Hitler (Template:Nee; 6 February 1912 – 30 April 1945) was a German photographer who was the longtime companion and briefly the wife of Adolf Hitler. Braun met Hitler in Munich in 1929 (aged 17) when she was an assistant and model for his personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann. She began seeing Hitler often about two years later.

She attempted suicide twice during their early relationship. By 1936, Braun was a part of Hitler's household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden, Bavaria, Germany, and lived a sheltered life throughout World War II. She became a significant figure within Hitler's inner social circle, but did not attend public events with him until mid-1944, when her sister Gretl married Hermann Fegelein, the SS liaison officer on his staff.

As Nazi Germany was collapsing towards the end of the war, Braun swore loyalty to Hitler and went to Berlin to be by his side in the heavily reinforced beneath the Reich Chancellery garden. As Red Army troops fought their way into the centre government district, on 29 April 1945, Braun married Hitler during a brief civil ceremony; she was 33 and he was 56. Less than 40 hours later, they died by suicide in a sitting room of the bunker: Braun by biting and swallowing a capsule of cyanide, and Hitler by a gunshot to the head.Template:Efn The German public was unaware of Braun's relationship with Hitler until after their deaths. She created many of the surviving colour photographs and films of Hitler.

Early life

File:Eva Braun's parents.jpg

Eva's parents, Franziska Kronberger and Friderich Braun, in the 1930s

Eva Braun was born in Munich and was the second daughter of school teacher Friedrich "Fritz" Braun (1879–1964)Template:Sfn and Franziska "Fanny" Kronberger (1885–1976);Template:Sfn her mother had worked as a seamstress before her marriage.Template:Sfn She had an elder sister, Ilse (1909–1979), and a younger sister, Margarete (Gretl) (1915–1987). Her father was a Lutheran and her mother a Catholic.Template:Sfn

Braun's parents divorced in April 1921 but remarried in November 1922, probably for financial reasons; hyperinflation was plaguing the German economy at the time.Template:Sfn Braun was educated at a Catholic lyceum in Munich, and then for one year at a business school in the Convent of the English Sisters in Simbach am Inn, where she had average grades and a talent for athletics.Template:Sfn

At age 17, Braun took a job working for Heinrich Hoffmann, the official photographer for the Nazi Party.Template:Sfn Initially employed as a shop assistant and sales clerk, she soon learned how to use a camera and develop photographs.Template:Sfn Braun's younger sister, Gretl, also worked for Hoffmann from 1932 onward. The women rented a flat together for a time.Template:Sfn By this time, Braun had begun dyeing her hair to achieve a particular shade of blonde.Template:Sfn

Relationship with Hitler

In October 1929, Hoffmann and his wife introduced Braun to Adolf Hitler (as "Herr Wolff") at Hoffmann's studio in Munich. Hitler was then 40 years old, 23 years Braun's senior.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Hitler lived with his half-niece, Geli Raubal, in an apartment at Prinzregentenplatz 16 in Munich from 1929 until her death.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On 18 September 1931, Raubal was found dead in the apartment with a gunshot wound to the chest, an apparent suicide with Hitler's pistol. Hitler was in Nuremberg at the time. His relationship with Raubal—likely the most intense of his life—had been important to him.Template:Sfn Hitler began seeing more of Braun after Raubal's suicide.Template:Sfn

Braun herself attempted suicide on 10 or 11 August 1932 by shooting herself in the chest with her father's pistol.Template:Sfn Historians feel the attempt was not serious, but was a bid for Hitler's attention.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After Braun's recovery, Hitler became more committed to her and by the end of 1932, they had become lovers.Template:Sfn She often stayed overnight at his Munich apartment when he was in town.Template:Sfn She also went on trips with Hitler to Obersalzberg, sometimes accompanied by her sister Gretl.Template:Sfn

Beginning in 1933, Braun worked as a photographer for Hoffmann.Template:Sfn This position enabled her to travel—accompanied by Hoffmann—with Hitler's entourage as a photographer for the Nazi Party.Template:Sfn Braun also worked for Hoffmann's art press, known for making postcards for the Great German Art Exhibition.Template:Sfn

According to a fragment of her diary and the account of biographer Nerin Gun, Braun's second suicide attempt occurred in May 1935. She took an overdose of sleeping pills when Hitler failed to make time for her in his life.Template:Sfn Hitler provided Braun and her sister with a three-bedroom flat in Munich that August,Template:Sfn and the next year the sisters were provided with a villa in Bogenhausen at Wasserburgerstr. 12 (now Delpstr. 12).Template:Sfn By 1936, Braun was at Hitler's household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden when he was in residence there, but she lived mostly in Munich.Template:Sfn Braun had her own flat at the new Reich Chancellery in Berlin, designed by Albert Speer,Template:Sfn as well as Template:Ill near Pobierowo (now in Poland), where she occasionally vacationed.

Braun was a member of Hoffmann's staff when she attended the Nuremberg Rally for the first time in 1935. Hitler's half-sister, Angela Raubal (Geli's mother), took exception to her presence there and was later dismissed from her position as housekeeper at the Berghof. Researchers are unable to ascertain if her dislike for Braun was the only reason for her departure, but other members of Hitler's entourage saw Braun as untouchable from then on.Template:Sfn

Hitler wished to present himself in the image of a chaste hero; in the Nazi ideology, men were the political leaders and warriors, and women were homemakers.Template:Sfn Hitler believed that he was sexually attractive to women and wished to exploit this for political gain by remaining single, as he felt marriage would decrease his appeal.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He and Braun never appeared as a couple in public; the only time they appeared together in a published news photo was when she sat near him at the 1936 Winter Olympics. The German people were unaware of Braun's relationship with Hitler until after the war.Template:Sfn Braun had her own room adjoining Hitler's at both the Berghof and the complex beneath the Reich Chancellery garden in Berlin.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Biographer Heike Görtemaker wrote that women did not play a big role in the politics of Nazi Germany.Template:Sfn Braun's political influence on Hitler was minimal; she was never allowed to stay in the room when business or political conversations took place and was sent out of the room when cabinet ministers or other dignitaries were present.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn She was not a member of the Nazi Party.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In his post-war memoirs, Hoffmann characterised Braun's outlook as "inconsequential and feather-brained";Template:Sfn her main interests were sports, clothes, and the cinema. She led a sheltered and privileged existence and seemed uninterested in politics.Template:Sfn One instance when she took an interest was in 1943, shortly after Germany had fully transitioned to a total war economy; among other things, this meant a potential ban on women's cosmetics and luxuries. According to Speer's memoirs, Braun approached Hitler in "high indignation"; Hitler quietly instructed Speer, who was armaments minister at the time, to halt production of women's cosmetics and luxuries rather than instituting an outright ban.Template:Sfn Speer later said, "Eva Braun will prove a great disappointment to historians."Template:Sfn

Braun continued to work for Hoffmann after starting her relationship with Hitler. She took many photographs and films of members of Hitler's inner circle, some of which were sold to Hoffmann for high prices; she received money from Hoffmann's company as late as 1943. Braun also held the position of private secretary to Hitler.Template:Sfn This meant she could enter and leave the Chancellery unremarked, through a side entrance and a rear staircase.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Görtemaker notes that Braun and Hitler enjoyed a normal sex life.Template:Sfn Braun's friends and relatives described Eva giggling over a 1938 photograph of Neville Chamberlain sitting on a sofa in Hitler's Munich flat with the remark: "If only he knew what goings-on that sofa has seen."Template:Sfn

On 3 June 1944, Braun's sister Gretl married SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein, who served as Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler's liaison officer on Hitler's staff. Hitler used the marriage as an excuse to allow Braun to appear at official functions, as she could then be introduced as Fegelein's sister-in-law.Template:Sfn When Fegelein was caught in the closing days of the war trying to escape to Sweden or Switzerland, Hitler ordered his execution.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He was shot for desertion in the Reich Chancellery garden on 28 April 1945.Template:Sfn

Lifestyle

File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F051673-0059, Adolf Hitler und Eva Braun auf dem Berghof.jpg

Braun and Hitler with two of their dogs, 1942

When Hitler purchased the Berghof in 1933, it was a small holiday home on the mountain at Obersalzberg. Renovations began in 1934 and were completed by 1936. A large wing was added onto the original house and several additional buildings were constructed. The entire area was fenced off, and remaining houses on the mountain were purchased by the Nazi Party and demolished. Braun and the other members of the entourage were cut off from the outside world when in residence. Speer, Hermann Göring, and Martin Bormann had houses constructed inside the compound.Template:Sfn

Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, stated in his memoirs that Hitler and Braun had two bedrooms and two bathrooms with interconnecting doors at the Berghof, and Hitler would end most evenings alone with her in his study before they retired to bed. She would wear a "dressing gown or house-coat" and drink wine; Hitler would have tea.Template:Sfn Public displays of affection or physical contact were nonexistent, even in the enclosed world of the Berghof.Template:Sfn Braun took the role of hostess amongst the regular visitors, though she was not involved in running the household. She regularly invited friends and family members to accompany her during her stays, the only guest to do so.Template:Sfn

When Henriette von Schirach suggested that Braun should go into hiding after the war, Braun replied, "Do you think I would let him die alone? I will stay with him up until the last moment".Template:Sfn Hitler named Braun in his will, to receive 12,000 Reichsmarks yearly after his death.Template:Sfn He was very fond of her, and worried when she participated in sports or was late returning for tea.Template:Sfn

Braun was very fond of Negus and Stasi, her two Scottish Terrier dogs, and they appear in her home movies. She usually kept them away from Hitler's German Shepherd, Blondi.Template:Sfn Blondi was killed by one of Hitler's entourage on 29 April 1945 when he ordered that one of the cyanide capsules obtained for Braun and Hitler's suicide the next day be tested on the dog.Template:Sfn Braun's dogs and Blondi's puppies were shot on 30 April by Hitler's dog handler, Fritz Tornow.Template:Sfn

Braun's films

As a filmmaker and photographer, Braun documented her surroundings between 1938 and 1944. The resulting footage — now categorized by the U.S. National Archives (NARA) as "Private Motion Pictures of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun" — captures her personal life as well as leisure and work activities of Hitler's inner circle. The collection includes nine surviving reels of 16mm silent color and black and white film, compiled from the original 28.Template:Sfn Some of the footage has been used in historical documentaries and exhibitions. The earliest documented uses are in US newsreels from 1947.

Marriage and suicide

In early April 1945, Braun travelled from Munich to Berlin to be with Hitler at the Führerbunker. She refused to leave as the Red Army closed in on the capital.Template:Sfn After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler and Braun were married in a small civil ceremony in the bunker.Template:Sfn The event was witnessed by Joseph Goebbels and Martin Bormann. Hitler then hosted a modest wedding breakfast with his new wife.Template:Sfn When Braun married Hitler, her legal name changed to Eva Hitler. When she signed her marriage certificate, she wrote the letter B for her family name, then crossed this out and replaced it with Hitler.Template:Sfn

After 1:00 pm on 30 April 1945, Braun and Hitler said their farewells to staff and members of the inner circle.Template:Sfn Later that afternoon, at approximately 3:30 pm, several people reported hearing a gunshot.Template:Sfn After waiting a few minutes, Linge, accompanied by Hitler's SS adjutant, Otto Günsche, entered the small study and found the lifeless bodies of Hitler and Braun on a small sofa. Braun had bitten into a cyanide capsule,Template:Sfn and Hitler had shot himself in the right temple with his pistol.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The corpses were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were burned during the Red Army shelling in and around the area.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Braun was 33 years old when she died; Hitler was 56.Template:Sfn

By 11 May 1945, two colleagues of Hitler's dentist, Hugo Blaschke—his assistant Käthe Heusermann and dental technician Fritz Echtmann—identified dental remains as Hitler and Braun's, including a metallic dental bridge and gold filling belonging to Braun.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn There is no evidence that any other bodily remains of the couple were found by the Soviets.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn According to Blaschke, Braun was never fitted with a bridge. He also stated that Braun's left maxillar premolars had dental work, omitted by an alleged Soviet autopsy. The largely disregarded Soviet report counts only 11 teeth, as opposed to Blaschke's statement that she had 26 remaining. In 1974, forensic odontologist Reidar F. Sognnaes noted that the Soviets recorded otherwise undocumented dental caries in the alleged corpse. Heusermann confirmed that a bridge made for Braun was never actually fitted, saying the Soviets found it in the Chancellery dental office.Template:SfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn Sognnaes noted that the non-metallic part of the prosthesis would have been destroyed by fire, as opposed to porcelain affixed to two of Braun's teeth which should have survived.Template:Sfn

In December 1945, Hitler's pilot Hans Baur claimed during his Soviet captivity that in her last days Braun was pregnant with Hitler's child.Template:Sfn

The rest of Braun's family survived the war. Her mother, Franziska, died aged 91 in January 1976, having lived out her days in an old farmhouse in Ruhpolding, Bavaria.Template:Sfn Her father, Fritz, died in 1964. Gretl gave birth to a daughter—whom she named Eva—on 5 May 1945. She later married Kurt Beringhoff, a businessman, and died in 1987.Template:Sfn Braun's elder sister, Ilse, was not part of Hitler's inner circle. She married twice and died in 1979.Template:Sfn

Further reading

• Guerin, Frances. "At Home, at Play, on Vocation with Eva Braun: From the Berghof to YouTube and the Imperative to Remember," in Through Amateur Eyes: Film and Photography in Nazi Germany. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 217-286, 2012.
• Miljković, Aleksandra (2025). “From Home Movie to Historical Document: Examining the Production and Initial Reception of Eva Braun’s Private Films.” Research in Film and History, Issue 7: Iconic Film Footage from the Nazi Era. https://film-history.org/index.php/issues/text/home-movie-historical-document

External links

• Template:PM20
• Private Motion Pictures of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun in US National Archives Catalog