Resh
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template other Resh Template:IPAc-en is the twentieth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician rēš 𐤓, Hebrew rēš Template:Script, Aramaic rēš 𐡓, Syriac rēš ܪ, and Arabic rāʾ Template:Script. It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪇, South Arabian Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Ge'ez Script error: No such module "Lang".. Its sound value is one of a number of rhotic consonants: usually Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink, but also Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink in Hebrew and some North Mesopotamian Arabic dialects.
In most Semitic alphabets, the letter resh (and its equivalents) is quite similar to the letter dalet (and its equivalents). In the Syriac alphabet, the letters became so similar that now they are only distinguished by a dot: resh has a dot above the letter, and the otherwise identical dalet has a dot below the letter. In the Arabic alphabet, Template:Transliteration has a longer tail than Template:Transliteration. In the Aramaic and Hebrew square alphabet, resh is a rounded single stroke while dalet is a right-angle of two strokes.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek rho (Ρ/ρ), Etruscan File:EtruscanR-01.svg, Latin R, Glagolitic Ⱃ,[1] and Cyrillic Р and Armenian Ռ and Ր.
Origins
Resh is usually assumed to mean head, as in Proto-Semitic *raʾ(i)š- and descendants. <hiero>D1</hiero>
Arabic rāʾ
The letter is named Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". in Arabic. It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
It ranges between an alveolar trill Template:IPAblink, an alveolar flap Template:IPAblink, and a uvular trill Template:IPAblink (the last of which is only found in a few modern varieties). It is pronounced as a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] in the traditional dialect of Fes.[2]
Derived letter in other languages
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
The Unicode standard for Arabic scripts also lists a variant with a full stroke (Unicode character U+075b: ݛ), suggesting that this form is used in certain Northern and Western African languages and some dialects in Pakistan.[3]
In the Pashto alphabet, a variant of the letter rāʾ uses a ring below for the retroflex consonant Template:IPAblink and another uses dots above and below the tail for the voiced fricative Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink:
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
Hebrew resh
| Orthographic variants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Various print fonts | Cursive Hebrew |
Rashi script | ||
| Serif | Sans-serif | Monospaced | ||
| ר | ר | ר | File:Hebrew letter Resh handwriting.svg | File:Resh (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg |
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Hebrew spelling: Script error: No such module "Lang".
In Hebrew, Resh (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />רֵישׁ) represents a rhotic consonant that has different realizations for different dialects:
- In Modern Hebrew, the most common pronunciation is the voiced uvular fricative Template:IPAblink.
- Ashkenazi use sometimes a uvular trill Template:IPAblink or an alveolar trill Template:IPAblink. Native English-speakers replace it sometimes with an alveolar approximant Template:IPAblink, as in English.
- Sephardic and Mizrahi use an alveolar trill Template:IPAblink, an alveolar flap Template:IPAblink or uvular trill Template:IPAblink.
As a general rule, Resh, along with Ayin, Aleph, He, and Het, do not receive a dagesh. There are a handful of exceptions to this rule.[4] In the Yemenite tradition, Resh is treated as most other consonants in that it can receive a dagesh hazak under certain circumstances. In the most widely accepted version of the Hebrew Bible, there are 17 instances of Resh being marked with a dagesh.[5] The list is: 1 Samuel 1:6, 1 Samuel 10:24, 1 Samuel 17:25, 2 Kings 6:32, Jeremiah 39:12, Ezekiel 16:4 [×2], Habakkuk 3:13, Psalms 52:5, Proverbs 3:8, Proverbs 11:21, Proverbs 14:10, Proverbs 15:1, Job 39:9 (?[6]), Song of Songs 5:2, Ezra 9:6, 2 Chronicles 26:10 (?[7])
In gematria, Resh represents the number 200.
As abbreviation
Resh as an abbreviation can stand for Rabbi (or Rav, Rebbe, Rabban, Rabbenu, and other similar constructions).
Resh may be found after a person's name on a gravestone to indicate that the person had been a Rabbi or to indicate the other use of Rav, as a generic term for a teacher or a personal spiritual guide.
Syriac resh
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
Character encodings
References
External links
Template:Arabic language Template:Hebrew language Template:Northwest Semitic abjad
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- ↑ Book Em laMikra haShalem written by Nisan Sharoni In Chapter 14:7 page 62 of the Ashdod. ספר אם למקרא השׁלם על ידי ניסן שׁרוני ׀ אשׁדוֹד ׀ תשׁס״א ׀ עמוד 62 In the 7 article of the chapter, the Rav says that the letters ״אהחער״ generally do not take a dagesh. ₪ בּאוֹתיוֹת ״אהחער״ ־לֹא יָבֹא דָגֵשׁ, בְּדֶרֶךְ כְּלָל. ₪ מכלול נז In the footnote 6 — Not to write it in Hebrew — ; it says: Except in a few cases where there is an exception to the rule… dagesh can be seen in Alef and Reish. See Mesorah haGedolah 43:26 and מכלול נז Minchas Shai 43:26.
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