Puzur-Inshushinak

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File:Puzur-Inshushinak name and titles.jpg
𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠 𒄊𒀴 𒈣𒋾 𒉏𒆠
puzur-inshushinak ensi shushiki shakkanakku mati NIMki
"Puzur-Inshushinak, Ensi of Susa and Shakkanakku of Elam"
"Table au Lion", Louvre Museum[1]
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Puzur-Inshushinak (Linear Elamite: File:Puzur-Shushinak.jpg Puzur Sušinak; Akkadian: 𒌋𒌋𒀭𒈹𒂞, puzur3-dinšušinak, also 𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞, puzur4-dinšušinak "Inshushinak (is) protection"; Template:Fl.[2]), also sometimes thought to read Kutik-Inshushinak in Elamite,[3] was a king of Elam, and the last from the Awan dynasty according to the Susa kinglist.[4] He mentions his father's name as Šimpi-išhuk, which, being an Elamite name, suggests that Puzur-Inshuhinak himself was Elamite.[5]

Early life

Under the Akkadian Empire (c. 2334-2154 BC), Elam had been a vassal since the time of Sargon. His father was Shinpi-khish-khuk, the crown prince, and most likely a brother of Khita. Kutik-Inshushinak's first position was as governor of Susa, which he may have held from a young age. Around 2150/2110 BC his father died, and he became crown prince in his stead.

Reign

Kutik-Inshushinak accordingly campaigned in the Zagros mountains on their behalf. He was greatly successful as his conquests seem to have gone beyond the initial mission.

Akkadian period

In the inscription of the "Table au Lion", he appears as "Puzur-Inshushin(ak) Ensi (Governor) of Susa, Shakkanakku (Military Governor) of the country of Elam" (𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠 𒄊𒀴 𒈣𒋾 𒉏𒆠 Script error: No such module "lang"., a title used by his predecessors Eshpum, Epirmupi and Ili-ishmani as governors of the Akkadian Empire for the territory of Elam.[1][6] In another inscription, he calls himself the "Mighty King of Elam", suggesting an accession to independence from the weakening Akkadian Empire.[7]

Under King Shar-Kali-Sharri, the Akkadian Empire weakened, allowing Elam to claim independence.[8] He conquered Anshan and managed to unite most of Elam into one kingdom.[8]

File:Kutik-Inshushinak (name) in Linear Elamite.jpg
The Elamite name of Puzur-Inshushinak:
File:Puzur-Shushinak.jpg
Pu-zu-r Šu-ši-na-k
in the Linear Elamite script (right to left).[9]
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Early on his inscriptions were in Akkadian but over time they came to be also in Linear Elamite.[10] He built extensively on the citadel at Susa, and encouraged the use of the Linear Elamite script to write the Elamite language. This may be seen as a reaction against Sargon's attempt to force the use of Akkadian. Most inscriptions in Linear Elamite date from the reign of Kutik-Inshushinak.

Ur III period

At the beginning of Ur III period, inscriptions of Ur-Nammu (r. 2112-2094 BC) refer to Puzur-Inshushinak. He conquered numerous cities in central Mesopotamia, including Eshnunna and Akkad, and probably Akshak.[11] His conquests probably encroached considerably on Gutian territory, gravely weakening them, and making them unable to withstand the Neo-Sumerian revolt of Utu-hengal.[12]

It is now known that his reign in Elam overlapped with that of Ur-Nammu of Ur-III,[13] although the previous lengthy estimates of the duration of the intervening Gutian dynasty and rule of Utu-hengal of Uruk had not allowed for that synchronism. Ur-Nammu, who styled himself "King of Sumer and Akkad" is probably the one who, early in his reign, reconquered the northern territories that had been occupied by Puzur-Inshushinak, before going on to conquer Susa.[14]

Death

His achievements were not long-lasting, for after his death the linear script fell into disuse, and Susa was overrun by the Third dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and his son Shulgi.[8] Ur had held control over Susa after the demise of Puzur-Inshushinak, and they built numerous buildings and temples there. This control was continued by Shulgi as shown by his numerous dedications in the city-state.[15] He also engaged in marital alliances, by marrying his daughters to rulers of eastern territories, such as Anshan, Marhashi and Bashime.[15] Concomitantly, Elam fell under control of the Shimashki dynasty (also Elamite of origin).[16]

Attestations

Statue of Puzur-Inshushinak

The bottom part of a statue, probably representing Puzur-Inshushinak himself, is visible in the Louvre Museum, Sb 55.[17][18] The statue lists the numerous victories of Puzur-Inshushinak over neighbouring territories, and particularly mentions the submission of the king of Shimashki who "kissed his feet".[18]

Inscriptions

A possible mention of Puzur-Inshushinak appears in one of Puzer-Mama's inscriptions,[19][20] but this is considered doubtful by Walter Sommerfeld and Piotr Steinkeller.[21]

References

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  1. ↑ a b Translation into French in Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ or from about 2240 to 2220 BC according to the (long chronology)
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Daniel T. Potts (1999). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. p. 122.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ [1] Hall, Harry R., "The Ancient History of the Near East: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Salamis", Meuthen & Company Limited, 1932
  11. ↑ "According to one of Ur-Namma's inscriptions, which describes his conflict with Puzur-Inˇsuˇsinak, the latter occupied the cities of Awal, Kismar, and Maˇskan-ˇsarrum, and the lands of Eˇsnuna, Tutub, Zimudar, and Akkade. The prolog to Ur-Namma's code adds to list the northern Babylonian cities of Marda, GIRkal, Kazalu, and probably Ak ˇsak?, plus their rural settlements." in Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Wilcke; See Encyclopedia Iranica articles AWAN, ELAM
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Encyclopedia Iranica: Elam - Simashki dynasty, F. Vallat
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Inscription Puzur-Mama E2.12.5.1 in Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Translation of the Akkadian portion into French, in Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check King of Elam
c. 2100 BC Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

Template:Elamite Kings Template:Early Rulers of Mesopotamia

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