Proto-Circassian language
Template:Short description Template:Cleanup lang Template:Infobox proto-language Proto-Circassian (or Proto-Adyghe–Kabardian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghean and Kabardian languages.
Phonology
Consonants
The consonant system is reconstructed with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates, and a two-way contrast in fricatives.
Aspirated consonants to plain
In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of aspirated consonants that survived in the Shapsug and Bzhedugh dialect while they became plain consonants in the other dialects.
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
Plain voiceless consonants to voiced
In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of tense consonants that became voiced in the eastern dialects.
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
Velar consonants to palato-alveolar
In the Proto-Circassian language there exist a palatalized voiced velar stop Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angle bracket, a palatalized aspirated voiceless velar stop Script error: No such module "IPA"., a palatalized voiceless velar stop Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angle bracket and a palatalized velar ejective Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angle bracket. The consonants гь Template:IPAblink, кь Template:IPAblink and кӏь Template:IPAblink survive in the Shapsug dialect, in the Besleney dialect and in the Kabardian Uzunyayla dialect.[1] In other Circassian dialects they were merged with the palato-alveolar consonants дж Template:IPAblink, ч Template:IPAblink and кӏ Template:IPAblink respectively.[2][3][4]
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
Affricate to fricative
Historically, Proto-Circassian had 6 distinct consonants:
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
Then, in the Abzakh and Kabardian dialects, the affricate postalveolar consonants became fricative:
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
For example:
- The Proto-Circassian word кӏэкӏьын "to come out from under" became щӏэкӏьын in Kabardian and ӏекӏьын in Abzakh.
- The Proto-Circassian word кӏэгъуэжьын "to regret" became щӏэгъуэжын in Kabardian & ӏегъуэжьын Abzakh.
- The Proto-Circassian word пакӏэ "mustache" became пащӏэ in both Kabardian & Abzakh.
- The Proto-Circassian word кӏалэ "boy; young man" became щӏалэ in Kabardian and ӏелэ in Abzakh.
- The Proto-Circassian word кӏымахуэ "summer" became щӏымахуэ in Kabardian and щӏымафэ in Abzakh.
- The Proto-Circassian word кӏэ "new" became щӏэ in both Kabardian & Abzakh.
But words like кӏьапсэ "rope", кӏьакуэ "short" & кӏьэ "tail" were still pronounced with Template:IPA link.
Later on, in the majority of Circassian dialects (both Adyghe and Kabardian dialects), the velar consonants гь Template:IPAblink, кь Template:IPAblink and кӏь Template:IPAblink became palato-alveolar consonants дж Template:IPAblink, ч Template:IPAblink and кӏ Template:IPAblink respectively. Now words like кӏапсэ "rope", кӏакуэ "short" & кӏэ "tail" were pronounced with Template:IPA link.
For example, in the following table, you can see how the words "new" & "tail" are distinct in all dialects except Bzhedug & Chemgui.
| Word | Proto Circassian |
Shapsug | Bzhedug Chemgui |
Abzakh | Baslaney | Standard Kabardian | Some Kabardian dialects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tail | kʲʼa Template:Angle bracket | kʲʼa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | kʲʼa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | kʲʼa Template:Angle bracket |
| new | t͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket |
| summer | t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼəmaːfa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼəmaːfa Template:Angle bracket | ʃʼəmaːfa Template:Angle bracket | t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa Template:Angle bracket | ʃʼəmaːxʷa Template:Angle bracket | ʃʼəmaːxʷa Template:Angle bracket |
| mustache | paːt͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | paːt͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | paːt͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | paːʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | paːt͡ʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | paːʃʼa Template:Angle bracket | paːʃʼa Template:Angle bracket |
The way the affricate postalveolar consonants became fricative in the Abzakh and the Kabardian dialects:
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket / Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
Introduction of labiodental fricatives
Proto-Circassian had no labiodental fricatives: voiceless labiodental fricative [f] and voiced labiodental fricative [v]. Western Circassian received the labiodental fricatives from one source while Eastern Circassian received from another.
In Western:
In Eastern:
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
Western
Proto-Circassian had a labialized voiceless velar fricative [xʷ] which survived in the eastern dialects while it became a voiceless labiodental fricative [f] in the western dialects.
| Word | Proto Circassian |
Western | Eastern |
|---|---|---|---|
| human | t͡sʼəxʷ Template:Angle bracket | t͡sʼəf Template:Angle bracket | t͡sʼəxʷ Template:Angle bracket |
| white | xʷəʑ Template:Angle bracket | fəʑə Template:Angle bracket | xʷəʑ Template:Angle bracket |
| hot | xʷaːba Template:Angle bracket | faːba Template:Angle bracket | xʷaːba Template:Angle bracket |
| day | maːxʷa Template:Angle bracket | maːfa Template:Angle bracket | maːxʷa Template:Angle bracket |
Eastern
Proto-Circassian had a series of labialized postalveolar consonants (t͡ɕʷ, ʑʷ, ɕʷ and ɕʷʼ). These consonants survived in the western dialects while they became labiodental consonants in the eastern dialects.
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
- Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket → Template:IPA link Template:Angle bracket
Grammar
Numbers
| English | Proto-Circassian | Ubykh | Western Circassian | Kabardian | Baslaney | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | |
| One | zə | зы | za | зэ | zə | зы | zə | зы | zə | зы |
| Two | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʼqʷʼa | ткъӏуа | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʷʼə | тӏу | tʼəw | тӏу |
| Three | ɕə | щы | ʂa | шъа | ɕə | щы | ɕə | щы | ɕə | щы |
| Four | pt͡ɬʼə | птлӏы | pʼɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pɬʼə | плӏы | pt͡ɬʼə | птлӏы |
| Five | txʷə | тху | ɕxə | щхы | tfə | тфы | txʷə | тху | txʷə | тху |
| Six | xə | хы | fə | фы | xə | хы | xə | хы | xə | хы |
| Seven | bɮə | блы | blə | бльы | bɮə | блы | bɮə | блы | bɮə | блы |
| Eight | jə | и | ʁʷa | гъуа | jə | и | jə | и | jə | и |
| Nine | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʲə | бгъьу | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʷə | бгъу | bʁʷə | бгъу |
| Ten | pʃʼə | пшӏы | ʑʷə | жъуы | pʃʼə | пшӏы | pɕʼə | пщӏы | pʃʼə | пшӏы |
Schleicher's fable
Schleicher's fable in Proto-Circassian:
χʷǝ č́ʷara-gjǝ
χʷǝ ja laśʷam mә q́ˤ:an
č́ʷara pǝʎ́an;
mǝ χwanǝta k:ʷǝm q:irǝ,
mǝ čʷǝχʷa čʷam,
mǝ ć̣ǝm pasa mǝš́ʷrǝ.
χʷǝ č́ʷara q̇́ˤan:
"źǝʁʷǝ sā ǵʷǝ,
q:ać̣am ć̣arǝ č́ʷara ḳ́ʷarǝ."
č́ʷara q̇́ˤan: "q:́ˤʷa χʷǝ!
źǝʁʷǝ š́a ǵʷǝ ć̣arǝ,
q:ać̣a, ł́a, č́ʷara laśʷam
ʎ́ʷa ḳ́ač̣ʷǝm čǝ-wǝ,
χʷiara-gjǝ laśʷam mә q́ˤ:a."
nǝ q:́aˤʷasa χʷǝ rǝq:ʷada q:ˤʷan.
See also
References
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- ↑ Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков Template:In lang
- ↑ Палатализация (смягчение) и аффрикатизация согласных Template:Webarchive Template:In lang
- ↑ Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1 Template:Webarchive Template:In lang
- ↑ Studia Caucasologica I page 11 Template:In lang
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.
- Common West Caucasian: The Reconstruction of its Phonological System and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Leiden, The Netherlands : Research School CNWS, 1996; xxvi, 452 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Template:ISBN