List of prime ministers of Luxembourg
(Redirected from Prime Minister of Luxembourg)
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Sidebar". The prime minister of Luxembourg (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is the head of government of Luxembourg. The prime minister leads the executive branch, chairs the Cabinet and appoints its ministers.
Since 1989, the title of Prime Minister has been an official one,[1] although the head of the government had been unofficially known by that name for some time. Between 1857 and 1989, the prime minister was styled the President of the Government,[2] with the exception of the 25-day premiership of Mathias Mongenast.[3] Before 1857, the prime minister was the President of the Council. In addition to these titles, the prime minister uses the title Minister of State, although this is usually relegated to a secondary title.
This is a list of prime ministers and governments since the post was founded, in 1848. In larger font are the dates of the prime ministers entering and leaving office. The smaller dates, during the respective premierships, are those of the prime ministers' governments. Luxembourg has a collegial governmental system; often, the government will present its resignation, only for the successor government to include many, if not most, of the previous ministers serving under the same prime minister. Each of the smaller dates reflects a change in the government without a change of prime minister.
Era of independents (1848–1918)
From the promulgation of the first constitution, in 1848, until the early twentieth century, Luxembourgish politics was dominated by independent politicians and statesmen.[4] The prerogative powers of the grand duke remained undiluted, and, as such, the monarch actively chose and personally appointed the prime minister. As a result, the prime minister was often a moderate, without any strong affiliation no to either of the two major ideological factions in the Chamber of Deputies: the secularist liberals and the Catholic conservatives.
In the early twentieth century, the emergence of socialism as a third force in Luxembourgish politics ended the dominance of independents, and further politicised the government of the country.[4] This did not affect the prime minister's position until 1915, when the long-serving Paul Eyschen died in office. His death created a struggle for power between the main factions, leading to the establishment of the formalised party system.[5]
Prime ministers from 1848 to 1890
| Name (Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Portrait | Term of office | Monarch (Reign)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | StartScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | EndScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |1 | Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine (1787–1871)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Gaspard De La Fontaine.jpg | 1 August 1848 | 6 December 1848 | Willem II (1840–1849)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| First Prime Minister. Resigned following a Vote of no confidence.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |2 | Jean-Jacques Madeleine Willmar (1792–1866)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean-Jacques Willmar.jpg | 6 December 1848 | 23 September 1853 | Willem III (1849–1890)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Dismissed by the GovernorScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |3 | Charles-Mathias Simons (1802–1874)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Mathias Simon.JPG | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
23 September 1853 23 September 1854 24 May 1856 2 June 1857 29 November 1857 12 November 1858 23 June 1859 15 July 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
23 September 1854 24 May 1856 2 June 1857 29 November 1857 12 November 1858 23 June 1859 15 July 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 26 September 1860 | ||
| Coup of 1856. President of the Council until November 1857; thereafter President of the Government. Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |4 | Victor, Baron de Tornaco (1805–1875)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Victor de Tornaco.jpg | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
26 September 1860 9 September 1863 31 March 1864 26 January 1866 3 December 1866 14 December 1866 18 June 1867Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
9 September 1863 31 March 1864 26 January 1866 3 December 1866 14 December 1866 18 June 1867Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 3 December 1867 | ||
| Shortest cabinet, December 1866. Luxembourg Crisis; Treaty of London. Resigned following a Vote of no confidence.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: Template:Party color" |5 | Lambert Joseph Emmanuel Servais (1811–1890)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Emmanuel Servais by Bernhoeft-101-cropped 002.jpg | 1 2 3 4 5Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
3 December 1867 30 September 1869 12 October 1869 7 February 1870 25 May 1873Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
30 September 1869 12 October 1869 7 February 1870 25 May 1873Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 26 December 1874 | ||
| Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: Template:Party color" |6 | Félix, Baron de Blochausen (1834–1915)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Blochausenfelix.jpg | 1 2 3 4 5 6Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
26 December 1874 26 April 1875 8 July 1876 6 August 1878 21 September 1882 12 October 1882Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
26 April 1875 8 July 1876 6 August 1878 21 September 1882 12 October 1882Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 20 February 1885 | ||
| Dismissed by the Grand Duke.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |7 | Jules Georges Édouard Thilges (1817–1904)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Edouard Thilges.jpg | 20 February 1885 | 22 September 1888 | |||
| Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] | |||||||
,_koning_der_Nederlanden,_Nicolaas_Pieneman,_1856_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg){kind=link}
The Kingdom of the Netherlands shared the same monarchs with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890. The Grand Duchy has had its own monarchs since 1890.
Prime ministers from 1890 to 1918
| Name (Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Portrait | Term of office | Monarch (Reign)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | StartScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | EndScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |8 | Paul Eyschen (1841–1915)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Paul Eyschen photograph by Grieser.jpg | 1 2 3 4 5 6Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
22 September 1888 26 October 1892 23 June 1896 25 October 1905 9 January 1910 3 March 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
26 October 1892 23 June 1896 25 October 1905 9 January 1910 3 March 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 11 October 1915 |
Adolphe (1890–1905)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Guillaume IV (1905–1912)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| Longest premiership. Longest cabinet 1896–1905. Luxembourg occupied by Germany on 2 August 1914. Died in office.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |9 | Mathias Mongenast (1843–1926)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Mongenast Mathias.jpg | 12 October 1915 | 6 November 1915 | Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Shortest premiership. Ruled as President of the Council. Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[3] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |10 | Hubert Loutsch (1878–1946)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Hubert Loutsch (1878-1946).jpg | 6 November 1915 | 24 February 1916 | |||
| Minority government.[13] Resigned following a Vote of no confidence.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |11 | Victor Thorn (1844–1930)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Victor Thorn (1844-1930).png | 24 February 1916 | 19 June 1917 | |||
| National Union Government. Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] | |||||||
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color" |12 | Léon Kauffman (1869–1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Léon Kauffman (1869-1952).jpg | 19 June 1917 | 28 September 1918 | |||
| Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] | |||||||
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Party system (1918–present)
In 1918, towards the end of World War I, a new Chamber of Deputies was elected with the explicit ambition of reviewing the constitution.[15] To this end, formalised parties were formed by the main political blocs, so as to increase their bargaining power in the negotiations. The revisions to the constitution introduced universal suffrage and compulsory voting, adopted proportional representation, and limited the sovereignty of the monarch.
Since the foundation of the party system, only one cabinet (between 1921 and 1925) has not included members of more than one party. Most of the time, governments are grand coalitions of the two largest parties, no matter their ideology; this has made Luxembourg one of the most stable democracies in the world.[16] Two cabinets (between 1945 and 1947) included members of every party represented in the Chamber of Deputies.
During the occupation of Luxembourg by Nazi Germany in World War II, Luxembourg was governed by a Nazi Party official, Gustav Simon. Pierre Dupong continued to lead the government in exile in the United Kingdom until the liberation of Luxembourg in December 1944, whereupon the constitutional Luxembourg government returned to the Grand Duchy. Thus, although Luxembourg was formally annexed on 30 August 1942, the prime minister of the government in exile, Pierre Dupong, is assumed to have remained prime minister throughout.
Prime ministers since 1918
Political Party:
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| No. | Name (Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Portrait | Political party | Term of office | Government | Coalition | Monarch (Reign)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ElectionScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | StartScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | EndScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||||
| 13 | Émile Reuter (1874–1973)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Luxemburger-Wort-1946.07.23-p1-Emile-Reuter-2.jpg | rowspan="3" style="width:1%; background-color:Template:Party color;" | | PD | — 1919 1922Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
28 September 1918 5 January 1920 15 April 1921Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
5 January 1920 15 April 1921Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 20 March 1925 |
ReuterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | PD, LL PD, LL PDScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| Charlotte (1919–1964)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||||||
| First partisan government. Armistice; Constitution amended.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] Only one-party cabinet 1921–1925. Resigned.[17] | ||||||||||
| 14 | Pierre Prüm (1886–1950)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Pierre Prüm (1886-1950).jpg | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | PNI | 1925Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 20 March 1925 | 16 July 1926 | PrümScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | PNI, PRSScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| Only PNI premiership. Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18] | ||||||||||
| 15 | Joseph Bech (1887–1975)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1st time) |
File:Joseph Bech (detail).jpg | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | PD | 1928, 1931 1934 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
16 July 1926 11 April 1932 27 December 1936Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
11 April 1932 27 December 1936Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 5 November 1937 |
BechScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | PD, LdG PD, PRL PD, PRLScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| Longest party-era cabinet 1926–1932. Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] | ||||||||||
| 16 | Pierre Dupong (1885–1953)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Pierre Dupong, Benelux conference The Hague March 1949, Luxembourg Delegation.jpg | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | PD | — — —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
5 November 1937 7 February 1938 6 April 1940Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
7 February 1938 6 April 1940 10 May 1940Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Dupong-KrierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | PD, POL, PRL PD, POL PD, POLScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 10 May 1940Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 23 November 1944Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Govt. in ExileScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | PD, POLScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | CSV | — — —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
23 November 1944 23 February 1945 21 April 1945Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
23 February 1945 21 April 1945 14 November 1945Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
LiberationScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||
| 1945 —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
14 November 1945 29 August 1946Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
29 August 1946 1 March 1947Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
National UnionScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAP, GD, KPLScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
| — 1948Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1 March 1947 14 July 1948Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
14 July 1948 3 July 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Dupong-SchausScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, GDScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
| 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 3 July 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 23 December 1953 | Dupong-BodsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
| World War II; Luxembourg remained neutral.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] Emergency government; Nazi occupation; government in exile.
Liberation Governments;[21] neutrality ended.[22] National Union Governments.[23] Died in office.[24] | ||||||||||
| 17 | Joseph Bech (1887–1975)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2nd time) |
File:Joseph Bech - 1967 (cropped).jpg | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | CSV | — 1954Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
29 December 1953 29 June 1954Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
29 June 1954Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 29 March 1958 |
Bech-BodsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| Resigned.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[25] | ||||||||||
| 18 | Pierre Frieden (1892–1959)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean-Pierre Beckius, Portrait du professeur Frieden (1933).jpg | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | CSV | 1959Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 29 March 1958 | 23 February 1959 | FriedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| Won 1959 election; died in office.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26] | ||||||||||
| 19 | Pierre Werner (1913–2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1st time) |
File:Pierre Werner 1970 (cropped).jpg | rowspan="4" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | CSV | —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 2 March 1959 | 15 July 1964Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Werner-Schaus IScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, DPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| 1964 —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
15 July 1964 3 January 1967Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
3 January 1967 6 February 1969Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Werner-CravatteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Jean (1964–2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||
| 1968 — —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
6 February 1969 5 July 1971 19 September 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
5 July 1971 19 September 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 15 June 1974 |
Werner-Schaus IIScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, DPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
| Longest party-era premiership. Went into opposition following 1974 election.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] | ||||||||||
| 20 | Gaston Egmond Thorn (1928–2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Thorn Van Agt 1980 cropped.jpg | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | DP | 1974 — —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
15 June 1974 21 July 1976 16 September 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
21 July 1976 16 September 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 16 July 1979 |
ThornScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | DP, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| First DP premiership. Became Deputy Prime Minister under Werner when CSV returned to government following 1979 election.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28] | ||||||||||
| 21 | Pierre Werner (1913–2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2nd time) |
File:Pierre Werner 204g (cropped).jpg | rowspan="3" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | CSV | 1979 —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
16 July 1979 3 March 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
3 March 1980 22 November 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Werner-ThornScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, DPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| — —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
22 November 1980 21 December 1982Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
21 December 1982Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 20 July 1984 |
Werner-FleschScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||||
| Retired at 1984 election.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] | ||||||||||
| 22 | Jacques Santer (born 1937)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jacques Santer 1995.jpg | rowspan="4" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | CSV | 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 20 July 1984 | 14 July 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Santer-Poos IScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| 1989 —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
14 July 1989 9 December 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
9 December 1992 13 July 1994Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Santer-Poos IIScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||||
| 1994Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 13 July 1994Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 26 January 1995 | Santer-Poos IIIScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||||
| President of the Government until 1989; Prime Minister from 1989. Appointed EC President.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[30] | ||||||||||
| 23 | Jean-Claude Juncker (born 1954)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Juncker 2006 (cropped).jpg | rowspan="5" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | CSV | — —Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
26 January 1995 4 February 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
4 February 1998 7 August 1999Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Juncker-PoosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| 1999Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 7 August 1999Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 31 July 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Juncker-PolferScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, DPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Henri (2000–2025)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||
| 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 31 July 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 23 July 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Juncker-Asselborn IScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, LSAPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
| 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 23 July 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 4 December 2013 | Juncker-Asselborn IIScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||||
| Longest uninterrupted party-era premiership. Also President of the Eurogroup. Appointed EC President.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||||||
| 24 | Xavier Bettel (born 1973)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Tallinn Digital Summit. Handshake Xavier Bettel and Jüri Ratas (36718144533) CROP BETTEL.jpg | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | | DP | 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 4 December 2013 | 5 December 2018Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Bettel IScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | DP, LSAP, DGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| 2018Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 5 December 2018Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 17 November 2023 | Bettel IIScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||||
| 25 | Luc Frieden (born 1963)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Luc Frieden EU Retreat 2025 (cropped).jpg | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color| | CSV | 2023Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 17 November 2023 | IncumbentScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Frieden-BettelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | CSV, DPScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| Guillaume V (2025–present)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||||||
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Timeline
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bar:Fontaine from: 01/08/1848 till: 06/12/1848 color:Independent text:"Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine" bar:Willmar from: 06/12/1848 till: 23/09/1853 color:Independent text:"Jean-Jacques Willmar" bar:Simons from: 23/09/1853 till: 26/09/1860 color:Independent text:"Charles-Mathias Simons" bar:Tornaco from: 26/09/1860 till: 03/12/1867 color:Independent text:"Victor de Tornaco" bar:Servais from: 03/12/1867 till: 26/12/1874 color:Independent text:"Emmanuel Servais" bar:Blochausen from: 26/12/1874 till: 20/02/1885 color:Independent text:"Félix de Blochausen" bar:Thilges from: 20/02/1885 till: 22/09/1888 color:Independent text:"Édouard Thilges" bar:Eyschen from: 22/09/1888 till: 11/10/1915 color:Independent text:"Paul Eyschen" bar:Mongenast from: 12/10/1915 till: 06/11/1915 color:Independent text:"Mathias Mongenast" bar:Loutsch from: 06/11/1915 till: 24/02/1916 color:Independent text:"Hubert Loutsch" bar:VThorn from: 24/02/1916 till: 19/06/1917 color:Independent text:"Victor Thorn" bar:Kauffman from: 19/06/1917 till: 28/09/1918 color:Independent text:"Léon Kauffman" bar:Reuter from: 28/09/1918 till: 20/03/1925 color:Right text:"Émile Reuter" bar:Prum from: 20/03/1925 till: 16/07/1926 color:National text:"Pierre Prüm" bar:Bech from: 16/07/1926 till: 05/11/1937 color:Right from: 29/12/1953 till: 29/03/1958 color:Christian text:"Joseph Bech" bar:Dupong from: 05/11/1937 till: 23/11/1944 color:Right from: 23/11/1944 till: 23/12/1953 color:Christian text:"Pierre Dupong" bar:PFrieden from: 29/03/1958 till: 23/02/1959 color:Christian text:"Pierre Frieden" bar:Werner from: 02/03/1959 till: 15/06/1974 color:Christian from: 16/07/1979 till: 20/07/1984 color:Christian text:"Pierre Werner" bar:GThorn from: 15/06/1974 till: 16/07/1979 color:Democratic text:"Gaston Thorn" bar:Santer from: 20/07/1984 till: 26/01/1995 color:Christian text:"Jacques Santer" bar:Junker from: 26/01/1995 till: 04/12/2013 color:Christian text:"Jean-Claude Junker" bar:Bettel from: 04/12/2013 till: 17/11/2023 color:Democratic text:"Xavier Bettel" bar:LFrieden from: 17/11/2023 till: $today color:Christian text:"Luc Frieden"
</timeline>
See also
- List of monarchs of Luxembourg
- Lists of office-holders
- List of presidents of the Council of State of Luxembourg
References
- Specific
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 209
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 21
- ↑ a b Thewes (2003), p. 65
- ↑ a b Thewes (2003), p. 8
- ↑ a b Thewes (2003), p. 64
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 16
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 20
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 28
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 34
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 42
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 48
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 52
- ↑ a b Thewes (2003), p. 66
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 69
- ↑ a b c Thewes (2003), p. 76
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 88
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 90
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 104
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 107
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 115
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 118
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 122
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 140
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 148
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 151
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 182
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 192
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 204
- ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 222
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- Bibliography
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
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