Postmodernist film
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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Postmodernist film is a classification for works that articulate the themes and ideas of postmodernism through the medium of cinema. Some of the goals of postmodernist film are to subvert the mainstream conventions of narrative structure and characterization, and to test the audience's suspension of disbelief.[1][2][3] Typically, such films also break down the cultural divide between high and low art and often upend typical portrayals of gender, race, class, genre, and time with the goal of creating something that does not abide by traditional narrative expression.[4]
Specific elements
Modernist film came to maturity in the era between WWI and WWII with characteristics such as montage and symbolic imagery, and often took the form of expressionist cinema and surrealist cinema (as seen in the works of Fritz Lang and Luis Buñuel)[5] while postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to the modernist works and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst).[6] Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness. Modernist cinema questions and made visible the meaning-production practices of film."[7] The auteur theory and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision was a cultural advancement that coincided with the further maturation of modernist cinema. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."[8][9] The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself than the postmodernist film, and is generally more sincere in tone.[10]
Postmodernism is in many ways interested in the liminal space that would be typically ignored by more modernist or traditionally narrative offerings. Henri Bergson writes in his book Creative Evolution, "The obscurity is cleared up, the contradiction vanishes, as soon as we place ourselves along the transition, in order to distinguish states in it by making cross cuts therein in thoughts. The reason is that there is more in the transition than the series of states, that is to say, the possible cuts--more in the movement than the series of position, that is to say, the possible stops."[11]
Postmodernist film is often separated from modernist cinema and traditional narrative film[6] by three key characteristics. One of them is an extensive use of homage or pastiche.[7] The second element is meta-reference or self-reflexivity, highlighting the construction and relation of the image to other images in media and not to any kind of external reality.[7] A self-referential film calls the viewer's attention – either through characters' knowledge of their own fictional nature, or through visuals – that the film itself is only a film. This is sometimes achieved by emphasizing the unnatural look of an image which seems contrived. Another technique used to achieve meta-reference is the use of intertextuality, in which the film's characters reference or discuss other works of fiction. Additionally, many postmodern films tell stories that unfold out of chronological order, deconstructing or fragmenting time so as to highlight the fact that what is appearing on screen is constructed. A third common element is a bridging of the gap between highbrow and lowbrow activities and artistic styles,[2][3][7] e.g. a parody of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in which Adam is reaching for a McDonald's burger rather than the hand of God. The use of homage and pastiche can, in and of itself, result in a fusion of high and low art. Lastly, contradictions of all sorts – whether it be in visual technique, characters' morals, etc. – are crucial to postmodernism.[2][12]
Specific postmodern examples
Once Upon a Time in the West
Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West has often been referred to by critics as an example of a postmodern Western.[13][14] The 1968 spaghetti Western revolves around a beautiful widow, a mysterious gunslinger playing a harmonica, a ruthless villain, and a lovable but hard-nosed bandit who just escaped from jail. The story was developed by Leone, Bernardo Bertolucci, and Dario Argento by watching classic American Westerns, and the final product is a deliberate attempt to both pay homage to and subvert Western genre conventions and audience expectations. Among the most notable examples of intertextuality are the plot similarities to Johnny Guitar, the visual reference to High Noon of a clock stopped at high noon in the middle of a gunfight, and the casting of Henry Fonda as the story's sadistic antagonist which was a deliberate subversion of Fonda's image as a hero established in such films as My Darling Clementine and Fort Apache, both directed by John Ford.[15][16][17]
Blade Runner
Ridley Scott's Blade Runner might be the best-known postmodernist film.[7] Scott's 1982 film is about a future dystopia where "replicants" (human cyborgs) have been invented and are deemed dangerous enough to hunt down when they escape. There is tremendous effacement of boundaries between genres and cultures, and styles that are generally more separate, along with the fusion of disparate styles and times, a common trope in postmodernist cinema.[2][7] The fusion of noir and science-fiction is another example of the film deconstructing cinema and genre.[10] This embodies the postmodern tendency to destroy boundaries and genres into a self-reflexive product. The 2017 Academy Award-winning sequel Blade Runner 2049 also tackled postmodern anxieties.[18]
Pulp Fiction
Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction is another example of a postmodernist film.[19][20][21][10] The Palme d'Or-winning film tells the interweaving stories of gangsters, a boxer, and robbers. The 1994 film breaks down chronological time and demonstrates a particular fascination with intertextuality: bringing in texts from both traditionally "high" and "low" realms of art.[1][2] This foregrounding of media places the self as "a loose, transitory combination of media consumption choices."[1][3] Pulp Fiction fractures time (by the use of asynchronous time lines) and by using styles of prior decades and combining them together in the movie.[1] By focusing on intertextuality and the subjectivity of time, Pulp Fiction demonstrates the postmodern obsession with signs and subjective perspective as the exclusive location of anything resembling meaning.
Other selected examples
Aside from the aforementioned Once Upon a Time in the West, the Blade Runner sequels and Pulp Fiction, postmodern cinema includes films such as:
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20th Century
- Hellzapoppin' (1941)[22]
- The Big Sleep (1946)[23]
- Duck Amuck (1953, also been called a modernist film)[24][25][26]
- All That Heaven Allows (1955; also been called a modernist film)[27]
- Written on the Wind (1956)[27]
- A Movie (1958)[28]
- Hiroshima mon amour (1959; also been called a modernist film)[29]
- L'Avventura (1960, also been called a modernist film)[30]
- Psycho (1960)[10][31]
- Blast of Silence (1961)[32]
- Last Year at Marienbad (1961, also been called a modernist film)[33]
- West Side Story (1961, also been called a modernist film)[34]
- 8½ (1963; also been called a modernist film)[35][27][36]
- Scorpio Rising (1964)[37]
- Woman in the Dunes (1964)[38]
- Pierrot Le Fou (1965, also been called a modernist film)[39]
- Alphaville (1965)[40]
- Persona (1966; also been called a modernist film)[41][10]
- Batman (1966)[42]
- Blowup (1966; also been called a modernist film)[43]
- Weekend (1967)[44]
- Branded to Kill (1967)[45]
- Casino Royale (1967)[46]
- Playtime (1967; also been called a modernist film)[47]
- Night of the Living Dead (1968)[48]
- Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One (1968; also called a modernist film)[10]
- Teorema (1968)[49]
- Death by Hanging (1968)[50]
- 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968; also called a modernist film)[51]
- The Color of Pomegranates (1969; also been called a modernist film)[52]
- Funeral Parade of Roses (1969; also been called a modernist film)[53]
- The Honeymoon Killers (1970)[54]
- Performance (1970)[55]
- The Conformist (1970)[56]
- El Topo (1970)[57]
- A Clockwork Orange (1971)[58]
- The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972)[59]
- Badlands (1973)[10]
- Day for Night (1973; also called a modernist film)[51]
- The Holy Mountain (1973; also been called a modernist film)[60]
- The Long Goodbye (1973)[10]
- Blazing Saddles (1974)[61][62]
- Pastoral: To Die in the Country (1974)[63]
- Celine and Julie Go Boating (1974)[64]
- F for Fake (1975)[10]
- Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)[65][36][10]
- Taxi Driver (1976)[65]
- Star Wars (1977)[66]
- The American Friend (1977)[67]
- Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)[68]
- House (1977)[69]
- Dawn of the Dead (1978)[70]
- All That Jazz (1979)[36]
- Alien (1979)[71][72]
- Stalker (1979)[73]
- Apocalypse Now (1979)[71][74][10]
- The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980)[75]
- The Shining (1980)[76]
- The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)[77]
- Raging Bull (1980)[54]
- Diva (1981)[78]
- Escape from New York (1981)[79]
- The Evil Dead (1981)[80][81]
- The Howling (1981)[82]
- Ms. 45 (1981)[83]
- The Thing (1982)[84]
- The Atomic Cafe (1982)[77][85]
- Koyaanisqatsi (1982)[86][87]
- Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982)[88]
- Liquid Sky (1982)[89]
- Sans Soleil (1983)[90][91]
- Videodrome (1983)[92][93]
- Zelig (1983)[94]
- Love Streams (1984)[95]
- A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)[96]
- Repo Man (1984)[97]
- The Terminator (1984)[79][72]
- Brazil (1985)[98][58]
- Shoah (1985)[99]
- Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)[100]
- After Hours (1985)[101]
- Terrorizers (1986)[102]
- Mauvais Sang (1986)[103]
- Blue Velvet (1986)[2][104][75][105]
- A Zed and Two Noughts (1986)[106]
- Walker (1987)[107][108][109]
- The Princess Bride (1987)[110][111][112]
- Innerspace (1987)[113][114]
- Wings of Desire (1987)[115]
- Om-Dar-B-Dar (1988)[116][117]
- Akira (1988)[118]
- Beetlejuice (1988)[119]
- The Thin Blue Line (1988)[99]
- Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)[120][121]
- They Live (1988)[122]
- When Harry Met Sally (1989)[123]
- Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)[79]
- Jesus of Montreal (1989)[124]
- sex, lies and videotape (1989)[65]
- Roger & Me (1989)[125]
- Edward Scissorhands (1990)[126]
- Close-Up (1990)[127][128]
- Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)[129][130][114]
- Miller's Crossing (1990)[131][132]
- Barton Fink (1991)[133][134][71][135][10][132]
- JFK (1991)[75]
- The Double Life of Veronique (1991)[136]
- Until the End of the World (1991)[137]
- Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees (1991)[137]
- Aladdin (1992)[138][139]
- Orlando (1992)[123]
- The Player (1992)[95][135]
- Reservoir Dogs (1992)[140][58]
- Falling Down (1993)[44]
- Groundhog Day (1993)[75]
- Last Action Hero (1993)[121][141]
- The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)[142]
- The Piano (1993)[123]
- Sleepless in Seattle (1993)[123]
- True Romance (1993)[143]
- Through the Olive Trees (1994)[27]
- Sátántangó (1994)[144]
- Chungking Express (1994)[145][143]
- Forrest Gump (1994)[135][54]
- Natural Born Killers (1994)[143][54]
- The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)[132]
- Serial Mom (1994)[146]
- Fallen Angels (1995)[147]
- The Brady Bunch Movie (1995)[148][149]
- Dead Man (1995)[145][105]
- Braveheart (1995)[54]
- Get Shorty (1995)[95]
- Underground (1995)[150]
- Showgirls (1995)[151]
- Fargo (1996)[10]
- From Dusk till Dawn (1996)[152]
- Schizopolis (1996)[153][154][155]
- Goodbye South, Goodbye (1996)[156]
- Scream (1996)[126]
- Irma Vep (1996)[157]
- End of Evangelion (1997)[158]
- Jackie Brown (1997)[105]
- Lost Highway (1997)[159]
- Gummo (1997)[160]
- Boogie Nights (1997)[95]
- Dark City (1997)[161]
- Starship Troopers (1997)[27]
- Titanic (1997)[123]
- Funny Games (1997)[162]
- The Big Lebowski (1998)[145]
- New Rose Hotel (1998)[137]
- Run Lola Run (1998)[145]
- The Hole (1998)[163]
- The Truman Show (1998)[164]
- Pleasantville (1998)[165]
- Small Soldiers (1998)[114]
- Shakespeare in Love (1998)[123]
- You've Got Mail (1998)[123]
- Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (1999)[166]
- Fight Club (1999)[145][104]
- The Straight Story (1999)[167]
- American Beauty (1999)[145]
- The Blair Witch Project (1999)[152]
- The Matrix (1999)[168][104][105]
- Magnolia (1999)[27]
21st Century
- American Psycho (2000)[152]
- Memento (2000) [169][104]
- Dancer in the Dark (2000)[170]
- Werckmeister Harmonies (2000)[171]
- Requiem for a Dream (2000)[172]
- Timecode (2000)[95]
- Rejected (2000)[173]
- The Majestic (2001)[165]
- Moulin Rouge! (2001)[169][104][58]
- Shrek (2001)[174]
- Waking Life (2001)[175]
- The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) [169]
- Mulholland Drive (2001)[2][176][105]
- Donnie Darko (2001)[177][126]
- All About Lily Chou-Chou (2001)[178]
- The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)[172]
- Pulse (2001)[179]
- Far From Heaven (2002)[180][181][182][123]
- The Hours (2002)[123]
- 24 Hour Party People (2002)[183]
- Down with Love (2003)[123]
- Lost in Translation (2003)[184]
- The Fog of War (2003)[99]
- Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)[114]
- Zatōichi (2003)[185]
- Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[177][186]
- Team America: World Police (2004)[187]
- Tropical Malady (2004)[188]
- The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)[143]
- The Machinist (2004)[44]
- Shaun of the Dead (2004)[152][44]
- Brick (2005)[143]
- Grizzly Man (2005)[189]
- Still Life (2006)[190]
- Marie Antoinette (2006)[176][184]
- Enchanted (2007)[191]
- I'm Not There (2007)[192]
- No Country for Old Men (2007)[10]
- The Beaches of Agnès (2008)[193]
- Synecdoche, New York (2008)[194][143]
- Hunger (2008)[184]
- Waltz with Bashir (2008)[99]
- Enter the Void (2009)[195]
- Shutter Island (2010)[196][197]
- Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010)[189]
- Film Socialisme (2010)[198]
- Inception (2010)[177]
- Drive (2011)[199][126]
- The Skin I Live In (2011)[200]
- Shame (2011)[184]
- We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011)[201]
- The Act of Killing (2012)[189][44]
- Tabu (2012)[202]
- Cloud Atlas (2012)[92]
- Holy Motors (2012)[203]
- ParaNorman (2012)[204]
- Post Tenebras Lux (2012)[205]
- Wreck-It Ralph (2012)[126]
- The Double (2013)[126]
- Get a Horse! (2013)[206]
- Only Lovers Left Alive (2013)[207]
- Her (2013)[177][104]
- Only God Forgives (2013)[208]
- Birdman (2014)[58]
- Boyhood (2014)[44]
- Clouds of Sils Maria (2014)[209]
- Goodbye to Language (2014)[210]
- The Lego Movie (2014)[126][36][211]
- The Look of Silence (2014)[189]
- Cemetery of Splendour (2015)[212]
- World of Tomorrow (2015)[213]
- Deadpool (2016)[214]
- La La Land (2016)[215][216][217]
- Swiss Army Man (2016)[218]
- Get Out (2017)[219]
- I, Tonya (2017)[220]
- The Square (2017)[221]
- Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)[220]
- Under the Silver Lake (2018)[222]
- Wonderstruck (2017)[223]
- Spider-Verse (2018–present)[224][225][226][227]
- Sorry to Bother You (2018)[97]
- The House That Jack Built (2018)[228]
- Long Day's Journey into Night (2018)[229]
- Joker (2019)[58]
- Knives Out (2019)[230]
- Pain & Glory (2019)[36][231]
- You Were Never Really Here (2018)[232]
- Last Night in Soho (2021)[233]
- Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn (2021)[234]
- Belle (2021)[235]
- Bergman Island (2021)[236]
- Aftersun (2022)[237]
- Babylon (2022)[238]
- The Banshees of Inisherin (2022)[237]
- Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022)[239]
- Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)[240][241]
- Nope (2022)[242]
- Razzennest (2022)[243][244]
- Tár (2022)[245]
- White Noise (2022)[246]
- X film series (2022–2024)[247]
- Barbie (2023)[248][241]
- Beau is Afraid (2023)[249]
- All We Imagine as Light (2024)[250]
- Between the Temples (2024)[251]
- The Brutalist (2024)[252]
- A Different Man (2024)[253]
- Joker: Folie à Deux (2024)[58]
- Love Lies Bleeding (2024)[254]
- The Most Precious of Cargoes (2024)[255]
- The Substance (2024)[256]
- A Minecraft Movie (2025)[257]
List of notable postmodernist filmmakers
- Sofia Coppola[184]
- Lana and Lilly Wachowski[105]
- Sergio Leone[258][259]
- Steve McQueen[184]
- Wong Kar-Wai[260]
- Don Hertzfeldt[261]
- Christopher Nolan[36]
- Douglas Sirk (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[27][262]
- Quentin Tarantino[263][264][105]
- Jim Jarmusch[105]
- Joel and Ethan Coen[265][172][264]
- Oliver Stone[265]
- Robert Altman[265]
- Woody Allen[265][266]
- David Lynch[172][264][267][105]
- Tim Burton[172]
- Wes Craven[105]
- Joe Dante[268]
- Errol Morris[269] (also been called an anti-postmodernist filmmaker)
- Brian De Palma[172][27][266]
- David Cronenberg[172][267]
- Peter Bogdanovich[266]
- Martin Scorsese[266]
- Steven Spielberg[270]
- Ridley Scott[264]
- Wes Anderson[264][271]
- Michael Haneke[264]
- Paul Thomas Anderson[27]
- Paul Verhoeven[27]
- Steven Soderbergh[27][272]
- Pedro Almodovar[273]
- John Waters[267]
- George A. Romero[267]
- Guy Maddin[274][275]
- Michel Gondry[97]
- Spike Jonze[97]
- Tex Avery (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[276]
- Abel Ferrara[277]
- Stanley Kubrick (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[278]
- Michael Moore[279][280]
- Jordan Peele[281][282]
- Peter Greenaway[283][284]
- Kevin Smith[285]
- Michael Mann[123]
Postmodernist television
Postmodern television is a category or period of modern television related to the art and philosophy of postmodernism,[286] often making use of postmodern principles such as satire, irony, and deconstruction.
List of postmodernist television shows
- 30 Rock[287][288]
- American Horror Story[289]
- Arrested Development[290][291]
- The Bachelor[292]
- Bob's Burgers[293]
- Breaking Bad[293]
- The Bullwinkle Show[294]
- Catfish[295]
- The Colbert Report[296][297]
- Community[298][299][293]
- Curb Your Enthusiasm[300][288]
- Ed, Edd n Eddy[293]
- Entourage[288]
- Fallout[301]
- Family Guy[291][293]
- Fleabag[302]
- Freakazoid![303]
- Futurama[291]
- Hell on Wheels[304]
- Inventing Anna[305]
- It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia[291]
- It's Garry Shandling Show[288]
- The Larry Sanders Show[300][306]
- Magpie Murders[307]
- Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman[308]
- Miami Vice[309]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus[310]
- Mystery Science Theater 3000[311]
- Neon Genesis Evangelion[312]
- The Office[313]
- Pee Wee's Playhouse[314]
- The Prisoner[315]
- Real Housewives[292]
- The Rehearsal[316]
- The Ren & Stimpy Show[294]
- Rick and Morty[317]
- Riverdale[318]
- RuPaul's Drag Race[319]
- Saturday Night Live[320][321]
- Scrubs[291]
- Seinfeld[322][291]
- The Simpsons[323][294][291][324]
- The Singing Detective[325]
- The Sopranos[326]
- South Park[296][323][291]
- Space Ghost: Coast to Coast[327]
- Spartacus[328]
- SpongeBob SquarePants[329]
- Stranger Things[330]
- True Detective[331]
- The Twilight Zone[315]
- Twin Peaks[323][315][325][105]
- Vanderpump Rules[292]
- WandaVision[332]
- The X-Files[333][315]
See also
- Remodernist film, one of the many critical stances against postmodernist cinema
- Cinephilia
- Art film
- New Hollywood, similar in content
- Social thriller
- Vulgar auteurism
- Auteur theory
- Extreme cinema
- Independent film
- Hyperlink cinema
- Slow cinema
- Arthouse film
- Remix culture
- American Eccentric Cinema
- Maximalist and minimalist cinema
- Cult film
- Arthouse animation
- Pop culture fiction
- Postmodern horror
- Arthouse musical
References
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- ↑ Carl Reiner Has Died at the Age of 98 - Paste
- ↑ 346. LIQUID SKY (1982)|366 Weird Movies
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ La Jetee/Sans Soleil: The Criterion Collection - DVD Talk
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Secret Agency in Mainstream Postmodern Cinema
- ↑ Postmodern Hollywood - Google Books (pgs.34-35)
- ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Recreational Terror - Google Books
- ↑ a b c d David and David at the Movies: Sorry to Bother You - Indiana University Cinema
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Mishama: A Life in Four Chapters|Screen Slate
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Exiles in Modernity - Chicago Reader
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Towards an Earnest Cinema|34th Street Magazine
- ↑ Circles, Myth, and Darwinism: Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey and Peter Greenaway's A Zed and Two Noughts (ZOO) - Offscreen
- ↑ Walker - Harvard Film Archive
- ↑ Free Alex Cox event in Arberdeen|Den of Geek
- ↑ Historical Dictionary of Postmodernist Literature and Theater - Google Books (pg.346)
- ↑ Ten Must-See 80s Sci-Fi And Fantasy Films|AMC Talk|AMC
- ↑ 'The Princess Bride': Revisiting Rob Reiner and William Goldman's Paean to Pure Storytelling|The Film Stage
- ↑ RIP William Goldman, creator of beloved film, The Princess Bride - Ars Technica
- ↑ FUNNY `INNERSPACE` DOMESTICATES ROGUE DIRECTOR – Chicago Tribune
- ↑ a b c d The History of Cinema. Joe Dante - Piero Scaruffi's knowledge base
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ MUBI on Twitter: "A postmodern cult classic from Indian filmmaker Kamal Swaroop."
- ↑ 10 Films To Watch When You're Stoned - High On Films
- ↑ Postmodernity and the city: Blade Runner, Dark City, Akira - High on Films
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b A Primer on Postmodernism - Google Books (pg.32)
- ↑ David and David at the Movies: Sorry to Bother You - Indiana University Cinema
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Postmodern Chick Flicks: The Return of the Woman's Film - Google Books
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ New Working-class Studies - Google Books (pg.160)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ New on DVD and Blu-ray|The Week
- ↑ Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990) Movie Review from Eye for Film
- ↑ Watch: In-Depth Dissection Of The Coens' Postmodernism|The Playlist
- ↑ a b c The Coen Brothers (4.2)- The Postmodern Pictures - THE DIRECTORS SERIES
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Postmodernism in the Cinema - Google Books (pg.45)
- ↑ Review: Aladdin - Slant Magazine
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Arnold Schwarzenegger's Experimental Postmodern Film That Almost Worked - Collider
- ↑ 'The Nightmare Before Christmas' (PG) - The Washington Post
- ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer - Google Books (pg.121)
- ↑ FALLEN ANGELS | Cleveland Institute of Art College of Art | 800.223.4700
- ↑ The Brady Bunch Movie Review|Empire
- ↑ 'The Brady Bunch Movie'|Decider
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Schizopolis and the Chaos of American Suburban Living|25YL
- ↑ 216. SCHIZOPOLIS (1996)|366 Weird Movies
- ↑ The Sundance Kids: How the Mavericks Took Back Hollywood - Google Books (pg.174)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ CINEMA QUARANTINO: The End of Evangelion (1997) dir. Hideaki Anno|BOSTON HASSLE
- ↑ Lost Highway (1997)|The Criterion Collection
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Dark City 1997, directed by Alex Proyas|Time Out
- ↑ 20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch - Taste of Cinema
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Escaping the Panopticon: Utopia, Hegemony, and Performance in Peter Weir's The Truman Show - Dusty Lavoie - JSTOR
- ↑ a b A Retrospective of the 50s through Postmodern Cinema - Google Books (pg.125)
- ↑ Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai - The Criterion Channel
- ↑ Revising the Postmodern American Road Movie: David Lynch's The Straight Story on JSTOR
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time « Taste of Cinema
- ↑ Dancer in the Dark (2000): Von Trier's Cannes Fest Top Prize-Winning Film Starring Bjork|Emanuel Levy
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ It's Such a Beautiful Day — Brattle Theatre Film Notes
- ↑ A Cultural Evolution of 'Shrek', from Blockbuster Hit to Historic Meme - VICE
- ↑ The Holy Moment on JSTOR
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ The Quietus|Film|Film Features|Modern Masterpiece: 20 Years Of 24 Hour Party People
- ↑ a b c d e f Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts - Google Books (pg.289)
- ↑ Between Comedy and Kitsch: Kitano's Zatoichi and Kurosawa's Traditions of "Jidaigeki" Comedies by Rie Karatsu, Massey University, New Zealand
- ↑ The Humanity of 2000s Postmodernist Cinema - Flip Screen
- ↑ 'Team America: World Police' : NPR
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Why can't grown-up animations catch a break on Oscar night? - Chicago Reader
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Review: Insubstantial 'Clouds of Sils Maria'|Indiewire
- ↑ Exploding the Sign from Within: Paradoxes of Post-Structuralist Epistemology in Adieu au Langage|Senses of Cinema
- ↑ 'The Lego Movie': Building a postmodern, tongue-in-cheek toy film - Los Angeles Times
- ↑ "Thai film 'Cemetery of Splendor' blends surrealism and fear", The Seattle Globalist
- ↑ World of Tomorrow - cinemayward
- ↑ Deadpool and Philosophy: Nihilism, Postmodernism, and the Prison of Irony - MovieWeb
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ La La Land: A Grandiose Dream of the Modern Musical – Gen Z Critics
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ At Sundance: In Defense of Daniel Radcliffe's Farting Corpse|Filmmaker Magazine
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b 'I, Tonya' and the Postmodern Protagonist - Age of the Nerd
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Silence & Sound: Wonderstruck and the Post-Modern Gaze – Riot Material
- ↑ Oscars: Can Anyone Break Disney & Pixar's Animated Feature Streak In 2019? - Deadline
- ↑ Anatomy of a superhero: Miles Morales in Across the Spider-Verse is the true postmodern Spider-Man|Telegraph India
- ↑ New 'Spider-Man' an oh-so-postmodern take on Marvel franchise|HeraldNet.com
- ↑ Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse review - plenty of postmodern pizzazz - The Times
- ↑ (PDF) The House that Lars Built - academia.edu
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Rian Johnson trades in lightsabers for postmodern whodunnit Knives Out|Ars Technica
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Female Directors: Best Movies Directed By Women|IndieWire
- ↑ 'Last Night in Soho' review: Anya Taylor-Joy shakes up horror - Los Angeles Times
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ BELLE draws on Western stories to tell a postmodern fable about healing - Moviejawn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Best Films of 2022 - Stephen David Miller
- ↑ Why Oscar contender 'Babylon' could take a page from Tolkien - Angelus News
- ↑ Postmodernism and Aesthetic Pluralism: Representation and Resistance in Multiverse Films - Ohio State University
- ↑ How Everything Everywhere All At Once Bridges the Gap Between Summer Blockbusters and Arthouse Cinema - MovieWeb
- ↑ a b PHILM AND PHILOSOPHY|'Barbie', 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' and the Problem of Postmodern Endings
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ 'Razzennest' review - Projected Figures
- ↑ 'Razzennest' review - ScreenAnarchy
- ↑ ‘Tár’ and the Discourse over Power and Art - Post Alley
- ↑ White Noise is 'thrillingly original' - BBC Culture
- ↑ Pearl: Ti West's Post-Modern Slasher Trilogy Reaches Its Bloody Mid-Point - Original Cin
- ↑ 'Barbie' Review: Doll in Plastic Gets a Greta Gerwig Grounding in Kentastic Postmodern Campy Romp - Rendy Reviews
- ↑ Why the Postmodern Structure of Ari Aster's 'Beau is Afraid' Works Masterfully - No Film School
- ↑ The 25 Best Movies of 2024 - IndieWire
- ↑ ‘Between the Temples’ Held This Viewer at a Distance - Salt Lake Film Review
- ↑ Debating The Brutalist - The Criterion Collection
- ↑ A Different Man - Film Freak Central
- ↑ Our Most Anticipated Films For 2024 - Next Best Picture
- ↑ The Most Precious of Cargoes review – postmodern Holocaust fairytale is dreamy curiosity|The Guardian
- ↑ The Best Films of 2024 - Michigan Daily
- ↑ The post-modern appeal of 'A Minecraft Movie' – The Badger Herald
- ↑ Jim Hemphill's Best Blu-rays of 2016|Filmmaker Magazine
- ↑ There Was Once a Certain Kind of Cinema — Kitbashed
- ↑ Fallen Angels|Cornell Cinema
- ↑ Read More: Don Hertzfeldt's Stick Figures at 20 | Austin Film Society
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism - Google Books (pg.133)
- ↑ Postmodern Chick Flicks - Google Books (pg.43)
- ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d "New Hollywood" and the 60s Melting Pot|Jonathan Rosenbaum
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Joe Dante's Purgatory|Jonathan Rosenbaum
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Comics in Context #100: Centennial Cartoon Concert - IGN
- ↑ Neurosis Hotel: An introduction to Abel Ferrara - Adrian Martin.pdf
- ↑ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema
- ↑ New Working-Class Studies - Google Books (pg. 162)
- ↑ The Perils of Michael Moore - Dissent Magazine
- ↑ Can I Live? Contemporary Black Satire and the State of Postmodern Double Consciousness on JSTOR
- ↑ Jordan Peele on 'Get Out' and writing for the Black audience
- ↑ Peter Greenaway's Postmodern / Poststructuralist Cinema - Google Books
- ↑ Peter Greenaway's "Eisenstein in Guanajuato" at the Istanbul Film Festival - HuffPost
- ↑ Kevin Smith: 'I'm a Sellout!' - Observer
- ↑ TV News in a Postmodern World by Terry L. Heaton - The Digital Journalist
- ↑ TV Finales FAQ – Google Books
- ↑ a b c d Garry Shandling: the standup who changed the sitcom forever|Comedy|The Guardian
- ↑ American Horror Story’s music and look: a work of postmodern beauty. – Slate Magazine
- ↑ 'Arrested Development' finds new life in the land of Netflix – Baltimore Sun
- ↑ a b c d e f g h How Always Sunny Surpassed Seinfeld – Den of Geek
- ↑ a b c IN PRAISE OF REALITY TV AS 'POSTMODERN ART PAR EXCELLENCE' – Brooklyn Magazine
- ↑ a b c d e Postmodernism in Television — The Factory Times
- ↑ a b c Dr. Toon: The Animation Critic's Art – Defining Our Terms|Animation World Network
- ↑ These Reality TV Shows Are the Pinnacle of Trashy Fun – MovieWeb
- ↑ a b Satire TV – Google Books (pg.135)
- ↑ Is the US ready for a fictional president?|Celebrity|The Guardian
- ↑ The Post-Modern Sitcom|Toronto Standard
- ↑ Comfort Viewing: 3 Reasons I Love 'Community' – The New York Times
- ↑ a b 'You Should See Yourself': Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture on JSTOR
- ↑ Fallout and the Post-Modern Television Post-Apocalypse - Paste Magazine
- ↑ The 30 Best International TV Shows of the Decade – The New York Times
- ↑ Control Nathan Rabin 4.0 #260 Freakazoid! "Five Day Forecast/The Dance of Doom/Handman" and "Candle Jack/Toby Danger in Doomsday Bet/The Lobe" - Nathan Rabin's Happy Place
- ↑ 'HELL ON WHEELS' IS BOTH A TACTICAL HOMAGE TO THE WESTERN GENRE AND A POSTMODERN PASTICHE|PopMatters
- ↑ The 10 best TV shows of 2022 so far – BBC Culture
- ↑ The Politics of Humor – Google Books
- ↑ 'Magpie Murders' Review: A Postmodern Mystery on PBS – WSJ
- ↑ Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman combined soap opera, satire, and nightmare - AV Club
- ↑ The Postmodern Presence – Google Books (pgs.35–36)
- ↑ How Monty Python's Mix of Postmodern Absurdity and Political Satire Influenced Shows Like 'Rick and Morty' – Laughing Squid
- ↑ Cable's 'Mystery Science Theater 3000'|EW.com
- ↑ On Evas and Angels: Postmodern Fantasy Devotion to Neon Genesis Evangelion|PopMatters
- ↑ 'The Office': a postmodern success wraps up – Orange County Register
- ↑ Seeing Through the Eighties – Google Books (pg.9)
- ↑ a b c d Strange TV: Innovative Series from The Twilight Zone to the X-Files – Google Books
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Rick and Morty Almost Swallows Itself in a Too Meta Midseason Premiere – Paste Magazine
- ↑ In Defense of Riverdale|The Smart Set
- ↑ The Perfectly Postmodern Reality TV of 'RuPaul's Drag Race – The Ringer
- ↑ How Saturday Night Live became a TV phenomenon – but then lost its way – BBC
- ↑ Saturday Night Live (Classic): "Norman Lear/Boz Scaggs" – AV Club
- ↑ The world according to 'Seinfeld' No hugging, no learning. No aging, commitment or obligation. We've laughed at such postmodern sentiments for nine years. Is there anything wrong with that? – Baltimore Sun
- ↑ a b c American TV Detective Dramas – Google Books (pg.36)
- ↑ Did the Simpsons Ruin a Generation?|Desiring God
- ↑ a b Eckart Voigts-Virchow (GieBen) "Goodbye suspense goodbye"? Postmodern TV Crime in The Singing Detective (1986) and Twin Peaks (1990–91) – cinetext
- ↑ Postmodern laughs from the mob – The Boston Globe
- ↑ Weirdest Space Ghost Guest Stars, Ranked – MovieWeb
- ↑ Making sense of the bloodiest postmodern show on television, Spartacus - Slate Magazine
- ↑ Kids' TV Grow Up – Google Books (pg.182)
- ↑ Why Netflix's Teen Dramas Feel So Retro – The Atlantic
- ↑ Best TV Shows Ever: Top 100 Television Programs – The Hollywood Reporter
- ↑ A Sitcom Through the Ages: A Postmodern Review of Marvel's 'WandaVision'|LiveWire
- ↑ The X-Files and the Aesthetics and Politics of Postmodern Pop on JSTOR
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