Picuris language

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Picuris (also Picurís) is a language of the Northern Tiwa branch of Tanoan spoken in Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico.

Classification

Picuris is partially mutually intelligible with Taos dialect, spoken at Taos Pueblo.[2] It is slightly more distantly related to Southern Tiwa (spoken at Isleta Pueblo and Sandia Pueblo).

Phonology

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Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral central labial
Stop voiced Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
voiceless Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
aspirated Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
ejective Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "IPA".)
Fricative Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
Nasal Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
Approximant Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
Flap Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • The consonants Script error: No such module "IPA". are only found in recent Spanish loanwords.
  • G. Trager (1942, 1943) analyzed Picuris as also having aspirated stops Script error: No such module "IPA"., ejective stops Script error: No such module "IPA"., and labialized Script error: No such module "IPA".. These are considered by F. Trager (1971) to be sequences of Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[3]
  • Velar Script error: No such module "IPA". has strong frication.[4]
  • Stops Script error: No such module "IPA". are unaspirated while Script error: No such module "IPA". may be slightly aspirated.
  • The affricate Script error: No such module "IPA". freely varies with a more forward articulation Script error: No such module "IPA".: for example, F. Trager recorded the word Script error: No such module "IPA". "witch" with an initial Script error: No such module "IPA". but the related word Script error: No such module "IPA". "witch chief" with initial Script error: No such module "IPA"..[5]
  • The sequence Script error: No such module "IPA". is only found in a single word Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Alveolar Script error: No such module "IPA". has an assimilated velar variant Script error: No such module "IPA". when it precedes labio-velar Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Nasal Script error: No such module "IPA". in a low-toned syllable is partially devoiced and denasalized Script error: No such module "IPA". before a glottal stop Script error: No such module "IPA"., as in Script error: No such module "IPA". "chokecherry" which is phonetically Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Fricative Script error: No such module "IPA". freely varies between a lateral fricative and a central-lateral fricative sequence Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Lateral Script error: No such module "IPA". is palatalized Script error: No such module "IPA". before the high front vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Only the sonorants Script error: No such module "IPA". can occur in syllable coda position.

Vowels

Picuris has 6 vowels. Picuris also has nasalized counterparts for each vowel.

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Picuris has three degrees of stress: primary, secondary, and unstressed. Stress affects the phonetic length of syllable rimes (lengthening the vowel or the syllable-final sonorant consonant).

Additionally, there are three tones: high, mid, and low — the mid tone being the most frequent.

Text

Two sentences with interlinear glosses:

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See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Sources on mutual intelligibility report conflicting information. Mithun (1999): "they [Taos and Picuris] are close but generally considered mutually unintelligible". But, G. Trager (1969): "The facts that there are considerable phonological differences between the two languages [Taos and Picuris], but that the grammatical systems are very much alike and that mutual intelligibility still persists...". G. Trager (1946): "The two Tiwa groups [Northern Tiwa and Southern Tiwa] are fairly homogeneous: Sandía and Isleta [of the Southern Tiwa group] differ very little and are mutually completely intelligible; Taos and Picurís [of the Northern Tiwa group] diverge more from each other. Further, the group as a whole is very similar: Taos and Picurís are each intelligible to the other three, and Sandía and Isleta are understood in the north, though with difficulty". G. Trager (1943): "Taos and Picurís are much alike, and mutually understandable. Sandía and Isleta are almost identical. A speaker of the southern languages can manage to understand the northern two, but the reverse is not true." F. Trager (1971): "[Picuris] is most closely related to Taos; these two languages are in part mutually intelligible."
  3. ↑ The consonant cluster analysis is similar to G. Trager's later reanalysis of Taos. (See: Taos phonology: Consonants).
  4. ↑ This is unlike the weak frication of Taos Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  5. ↑ F. Trager does not give further details about whether the forward articulation is dental or alveolar. If Picuris is like Taos, then the most forward articulation would be alveolar. G. Trager states that the articulation is consistently post-alveolar (and does not mention free variation).

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Bibliography

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  • Harrington, John P.; & Roberts, Helen. (1928). Picuris children's stories with texts and songs. Bureau of American Ethnology: Annual report, 43, 289-447.
  • Nichols, Lynn. (1994). Vowel copy and stress in Northern Tiwa (Picurís and Taos). In S. Epstein et al. (Eds.), Harvard working papers in linguistics (Vol. 4, pp. 133–140).
  • Nichols, Lynn. (1995). Referential hierarchies and C-command in Picurís. In S. Epstein et al. (Eds.), Harvard working papers in linguistics (Vol. 45, pp. 76–92).
  • Trager, Felicia. (1968). Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico: An ethnolinguistic "salvage" study. (Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY).
  • Trager, Felicia. (1971). The phonology of Picuris. International Journal of American Linguistics, 37, 29-33.
  • Trager, Felicia. (1975). Morphemic change in Picuris: A case of culture contact? Studies in Linguistics, 25, 89-93.
  • Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages. Studies in Linguistics, 1 (5), 1-10.
  • Trager, George L. (1943). The kinship and status terms of the Tiwa languages. American Anthropologist, 45 (1), 557-571.
  • Trager, George L. (1969). Taos and Picuris: How long separated?. International Journal of American Linguistics, 35 (2), 180-182.
  • Zaharlick, Ann Marie (Amy). (1975). Pronominal reference in Picurís. Studies in Linguistics, 25, 79-88.
  • Zaharlick, Ann Marie (Amy). (1977). Picurís syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, American University).
  • Zaharlick, Ann Marie (Amy). (1979). Picuris and English: Similarities and differences. In R. J. Rebert (Ed.), Language descriptions from Indian New Mexico (pp. 20–51). Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico, American Indian Bilingual Education Center, pp.
  • Zaharlick, Ann Marie (Amy). (1980). An outline of Picuris syntax. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 345, 147-163.
  • Zaharlick, Ann Marie (Amy). (1981). A preliminary examination of tone in Picuris. Special Issue: Native Languages of the Americas. Journal of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest, 4 (2), 123-129.
  • Zaharlick, Ann Marie (Amy). (1982). Tanoan studies: Passive sentences in Picuris. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 26, 34-48.

External links

Template:Languages of New Mexico Template:Tanoan languages Template:Pueblo peoples Template:Indigenous Peoples of NM

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