Phacelia

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Phacelia (phacelia, scorpionweed, heliotrope) is a genus of about 200 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plants in the borage family, native to North and South America. California is particularly rich in species with over 90 recorded in the region.[1]

The genus is traditionally placed at family rank with the waterleafs (Hydrophyllaceae) in the order Boraginales. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, recognizing that the traditional Boraginaceae and Hydrophyllaceae are paraphyletic with respect to each other, merges the latter into the former and considers the family basal in the Euasterids I clade. Other botanists[2] continue to recognize the Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginales after analysing the secondary structure of the ITS1 genetic region rather than its sequence for these higher taxonomic levels. This placed Phacelia within the Hydrophyllaceae.[2] Further molecular taxonomic analysis of the Boraginales has divided the Boraginales in two and placed Phacelia among the monophyletic herbaceous Hydrophyllaceae in Boraginales II.[3]

The genus includes both annual and perennial species.[1] Many have been cultivated as garden and honey plants.

There are reports that glandular hairs of stems, flowers and leaves of some species of Phacelia secrete oil droplets that can cause an unpleasant skin rash (contact dermatitis) in some people, specifically from P. brachyloba,[4] P. campanularia,[5] P. crenulata,[4][6] P. gina-glenneae,[7] P. grandiflora,[4] P. ixodes,[5] P. minor,[8] and P. pedicellata.[4][5] The major contact allergen of P. crenulata has been identified as geranylhydroquinone and of P. minor as geranylgeranylhydroquinone.[8]

The mining bee Andrena phaceliae is a specialist pollinator of this genus in the Eastern United States.

Selected species

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  • Phacelia adenophora J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – glandular yellow Phacelia
  • Phacelia affinis A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – limestone Phacelia
  • Phacelia anelsonii J.F.Macbr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Aven Nelson's Phacelia
  • Phacelia argentea A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – sand dune Phacelia
  • Phacelia argillacea N.D.AtwoodScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Attwood's Phacelia, clay Phacelia (endangered)
  • Phacelia austromontana J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Southern Sierra Phacelia
  • Phacelia bicolor Torr. ex S.WatsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – trumpet Phacelia
  • Phacelia bolanderi A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Bolander's Phacelia
  • Phacelia brachyloba (Benth.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – shortlobe Phacelia
  • Phacelia breweri A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Brewer's Phacelia
  • Phacelia californica Cham.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – California Phacelia
  • Phacelia calthifolia BrandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Caltha-leaved Phacelia
  • Phacelia campanularia A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – California bluebell, desertbells
  • Phacelia cicutaria GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – caterpillar Phacelia
  • Phacelia ciliata Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Great Valley Phacelia
  • Phacelia coerulea GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – skyblue Phacelia
  • Phacelia congdonii GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Congdon's Phacelia
  • Phacelia cookei Constance & HeckardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Cooke's Phacelia
  • Phacelia corymbosa Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – serpentine Phacelia
  • Phacelia covillei S.WatsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Coville's Phacelia, buttercup scorpionweed
  • Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S.WatsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – notch-leaved Phacelia, Cleftleaf wild heliotrope
  • Phacelia cryptantha GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – hiddenflower Phacelia
  • Phacelia curvipes Torr. ex S.WatsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Washoe Phacelia
  • Phacelia dalesiana J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Scott Mountain Phacelia
  • Phacelia davidsonii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Davidson's Phacelia
  • Phacelia distans Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – distant Phacelia
  • Phacelia divaricata (Benth.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – divaricate Phacelia
  • Phacelia douglasii (Benth.) Torr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Douglas' Phacelia
  • Phacelia egena (Brand) Greene ex C.F.BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Kaweah River Phacelia
  • Phacelia eisenii BrandegeeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Eisen's Phacelia
  • Phacelia exilis (A.Gray) G.J.LeeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Transverse Range Phacelia, lavender windows
  • Phacelia fimbriata Michx.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – fringed Phacelia
  • Phacelia floribunda GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – San Clemente Island Phacelia, Southern Island Phacelia
  • Phacelia formosula Osterh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – North Park Phacelia (endangered)
  • Phacelia fremontii Torr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Frémont's Phacelia
  • Phacelia grandiflora (Benth.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – largeflower Phacelia
  • Phacelia greenei J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Scott Valley Phacelia
  • Phacelia grisea A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Santa Lucia Phacelia
  • Phacelia gymnoclada Torr. ex S.WatsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – nakedstem Phacelia
  • Phacelia hastata Douglas ex Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – silverleaf Phacelia
  • Phacelia humilis Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – low Phacelia
  • Phacelia hydrophylloides Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – waterleaf Phacelia
  • Phacelia imbricata GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – imbricate Phacelia
  • Phacelia insularis MunzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – coast Phacelia
  • Phacelia inundata J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – playa Phacelia
  • Phacelia inyoensis (J.F.Macbr.) J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Inyo Phacelia
  • Phacelia ivesiana Torr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Ives' Phacelia
  • Phacelia lemmonii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Lemmon's Phacelia
  • Phacelia leonis J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Siskiyou Phacelia
  • Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – threadleaf Phacelia
  • Phacelia longipes Torr. ex A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – longstalk Phacelia
  • Phacelia malvifolia Cham. & Schltdl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – stinging Phacelia
  • Phacelia marcescens Eastw. ex J.F.Macbr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – persistentflower Phacelia
  • Phacelia minor (Harv.) Thell.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Whitlavia, wild Canterbury bells
  • Phacelia mohavensis A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mojave Phacelia
  • Phacelia monoensis HalseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mono Phacelia
  • Phacelia mustelina CovilleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – weasel Phacelia, Death Valley round-leaved Phacelia
  • Phacelia mutabilis GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – changeable Phacelia
  • Phacelia nashiana Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Charlotte's Phacelia
  • Phacelia neglecta M.E.JonesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – alkali Phacelia
  • Phacelia nemoralis GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – shade Phacelia
  • Phacelia orogenes BrandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – mountain Phacelia
  • Phacelia pachyphylla A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – blacktack Phacelia
  • Phacelia parishii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Parish's Phacelia
  • Phacelia parryi Torr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Parry's Phacelia
  • Phacelia pedicellata A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pedicellate Phacelia
  • Phacelia perityloides CovilleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Panamint Phacelia
  • Phacelia phacelioides (Benth.) BrandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mt. Diablo Phacelia
  • Phacelia platyloba A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – broadlobe Phacelia
  • Phacelia pringlei A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Pringle's Phacelia
  • Phacelia procera A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – tall Phacelia
  • Phacelia purpusii BrandegeeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Purpus' Phacelia
  • Phacelia purshii BuckleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Miami mist
  • Phacelia quickii J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Quick's Phacelia
  • Phacelia racemosa (Kellogg) A.HellerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – racemose Phacelia
  • Phacelia ramosissima Douglas ex Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – branching Phacelia
  • Phacelia rattanii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Rattan's Phacelia
  • Phacelia rotundifolia Torr. ex S.WatsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – roundleaf Phacelia
  • Phacelia saxicola A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – stonecrop Phacelia
  • Phacelia sericea (Graham) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – silky Phacelia
  • Phacelia stebbinsii Constance & HeckardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Stebbins' Phacelia
  • Phacelia stellaris BrandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – star Phacelia, Brand's Phacelia
  • Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – lacy Phacelia
  • Phacelia thermalis GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – heated Phacelia
  • Phacelia vallicola Congdon ex BrandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mariposa Phacelia
  • Phacelia vallis-mortae J.W.VossScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Death Valley Phacelia
  • Phacelia viscida (Benth. ex Lindl.) Torr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – tacky Phacelia

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Berry, C. Z., et al. (1962). Dermatitis venenata from Phacelia crenulata. Archives of Dermatology 85(6), 737-39.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Olmstead, R.G.; Kim, K-J.; Jansen, R.K. & Wagstaff, S.J. (2000): The phylogeny of the Asteridae sensu lato based on chloroplast ndhF gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 16: 96–112.

External links

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