Punjab, Pakistan

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PunjabTemplate:Efn is a province of Pakistan. With a population of over 127 million, it is the most populous Pakistani province and the second most populous subnational polity in the world. Located in the central-eastern region of the country, it has the largest economy, contributing the most to national GDP in Pakistan. Lahore is the capital and largest city of the province. Other major cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala and Multan.

It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north-west, Balochistan to the south-west and Sindh to the south, as well as Islamabad Capital Territory to the north-west and Azad Kashmir to the north. It shares an international border with the Indian states of Rajasthan and Punjab to the east and Indian-administered Kashmir to the north-east.

The province forms the bulk of the transnational Punjab region, partitioned in 1947 between Pakistan and India.[1] The most fertile province of the country, Punjab is considered the breadbasket of the nation, in addition to being the most industrialised.[2] It is also one of the more urbanised regions in South Asia, with approximately 40 per cent of its population being urban.[3]

Punjabi Muslims form majority of the province.[4] Their culture has been strongly influenced by Islamic culture and Sufism, with a number of Sufi shrines spread across the province.[5][6][7][8] Punjab hosts several of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the archaeological excavations at Taxila, and the Rohtas Fort, among others.[9]

Etymology

The name "Punjab" consists of two parts (Template:Langx and Template:Langx), from Persian which are cognates of the Sanskrit words (Template:Langx and Template:Langx).[10][11] The word pañj-āb is thus calque of Indo-Aryan pañca-áp and means "The Land of Five Waters", referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[12] All are tributaries of the Indus River, Sutlej being the longest.Template:Efn References to a land of five rivers are found in the Mahabharata, in which one of the regions is named as Panchanada (Template:Langx).[13][14] The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía (Template:Langx).[15][16][17] Earlier, Punjab was also known as Sapta Sindhu in the Rigveda and Hapta Hendu in the Avesta, translating into "The Land of Seven Rivers"; the other two being Indus and Kabul which are included in the greater Punjab region.[18]

The 14th-century author Ayn al-Mulk Mahru referred to the region as the wilayat of Punjab (Template:Langx) in Insha-i-Mahru;[19] Punjab finds mention in the travelogue of Ibn Battuta and in the Tarikh-i-Wassaf of Ilkhanid historian Wassaf as well.[20] The current name gained currency during the Mughal period.[21]

History

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Ancient period

The earliest evidence of human habitation in Punjab traces to the Soan Valley of the Pothohar, between the Indus and the Jhelum rivers, where Soanian culture developed between 774,000 BCE and 11,700 BCE. This period goes back to the first interglacial period in the second Ice Age, from which remnants of stone and flint tools have been found.[22] The Punjab region was the site of one of the earliest cradle of civilisations, the Bronze Age Harrapan civilisation that flourished from about 3000 BCE. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, followed by the Indo-Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 BCE.[23] The migrating Indo-Aryan tribes gave rise to the Iron Age Vedic civilisation, which lasted till 500 BCE. During this period, the Rigveda was composed in Punjab,[24] laying the foundation of Hinduism. Frequent intertribal wars in the post-Vedic period stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas.[23] Achaemenid emperor Darius the Great crossed the Indus in 518 BCE and annexed the land up to the river Jhelum.[25] Taxila in Gandhara was the site of one of the oldest education centre of South Asia and was part of the Achaemenid province of Hindush.[26][27]

One of the early kings in Punjab was Porus, who fought in the Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great.[28] The battle is thought to have resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative.[28] Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.[28] When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king". Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to reinstate him.[29][30] The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the syncretism of ancient Greek political and cultural influences on the Indian subcontinent, yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for the ensuing centuries. In south-central Punjab, the Mallians, together with nearby tribes, gathered a large army to face the Greek army. This was perhaps the largest army faced by the Greeks in the entire Indian subcontinent. During the siege of the citadel, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he faced the Mallians' leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. The city was conquered after a fierce battle.[31][32]

The region was then divided between the Maurya Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in 302 BCE. Menander I Soter conquered Punjab and made Sagala (present-day Sialkot) the capital of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.[33][34] Menander is noted for becoming a patron and converting to Greco-Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.[35]

Medieval period

The Buddhist monk Xuanzang visited Punjab in the 7th century CE and described a large polity known as Takka Kingdom, which according to him covered territory between Indus and Sutlej and had capital at Sialkot. Following the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent at the beginning of the 8th century, Arab armies of the Umayyad Caliphate penetrated South Asia, introducing Islam into the Punjab. Umayyad decline was followed by formation of various Arab-ruled principalities, notably the Emirate of Multan, in 855. In the 9th century, the Odi Shahi dynasty originating from Gandhara replaced the Takka kingdom, ruling much of Punjab along with Kabulistan.[36][37][38]

Ghaznavids and Ghurids

Punjab was annexed by the Ghaznavid dynasty in the 11th century. Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Peshawar by defeating Maharaja Jayapala of Punjab in 1001.[39] The ruler of Multan, Abul Fateh Daud was defeated in 1010.[40] Nandana, the last Shahi capital, fell in 1014 and Punjab became part of expanding Ghaznavid Empire, which ruled for 157 years. Lahore became secondary, and after 1163, sole capital of the Ghaznavids. They gradually declined as a power until the Ghurids conquered Lahore under Muhammad of Ghor in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik.[41]

Following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor at Dhamiak in 1206, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Delhi Sultanate ruled Punjab for the next three hundred years, led by five unrelated dynasties.

Delhi Sultanate

The first ruler of Delhi Sultanate was Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a Mamluk, who died in Lahore while playing polo in 1210. Following his death his successor Iltutmish transferred capital from Lahore to Delhi. The relocation of regional centre was necessitated by the rise of Mongol Empire in the west. Mongols under Genghis Khan first invaded Punjab in 1221 while chasing the retreating armies of Khwarezmian prince Jalal al-Din Mangburni; Genghis Khan annihilated the Khwarezmians at the Battle of the Indus besides modern Attock. Mongols plundered Punjab plains but returned due to the hot climate of Punjab.[42]

Throughout the 13th-century, Punjab bore the brunt of numerous Mongol invasions, and the towns of Lahore, Multan and Dipalpur were repeatedly sacked. Mamluk sultan Balban led several campaigns against them. Alauddin Khilji and his generals Zafar Khan, Nusrat Khan, Ulugh Khan and Malik Kafur inflicted a series of defeats over them and large-scale raids by Mongol khanates stopped. Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, the former governor of Multan and Dipalpur, founded the Tughlaq dynasty in 1320. Earlier, he had served as the governor of Multan and had fought twenty-eight battles against Mongols from his base at Dipalpur, preserving Punjab and Sind from their advances. The mother of Ghiyath al-Din was from Punjab, as was the mother of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, who became the emperor in 1351.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

The Tughlaqs declined towards the end of 14th century. In 1398 Delhi Sultanate faced a devastating invasion by Emir Timur, who massacred the citizens of Delhi and Multan. Following his return, Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty, the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451 for 37 years.[43] Variously described as a Sayyid[44] or a Khokhar chief,[45][46] Khizr Khan initially ruled as the Timurid vassal of Multan, and conquered Delhi in 1414.[47][48][49][50][51] During the reign of his successor Mubarak Shah, large parts of Punjab were conquered by Punjabi chieftain Jasrath and he spent his reign fighting against Jasrath.[52][53][54] Sayyids ruled the Sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty on 19 April 1451,[55] when the last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi.[56] Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was born in the town of Nankana Sahib in 1470.[57][58][59]

Langah Sultanate

In 1445, Rai Sahra, chief of Langah tribe,[60][61][62] established the Langah Sultanate in Multan. The sultanate included regions of southern and central Punjab. A large number of Baloch settlers arrived and the towns of Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were founded.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Modern period

Mughal Empire

The Mughal emperor Babur defeated the Lodis in 1526, establishing Mughal Empire.[63]Template:Sps During Mughal period Punjab region was divided into two provinces; Multan and Lahore.[64][65] They were created as one of the original 12 Subahs of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by Akbar in 1580.[64][65] By the 16th century, Punjabi Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape.[66] They formed a small but notable part of Mughal nobility.[67][68][69][70]Template:Publisher missing Mughal-era was also marked by the flourishing of Punjabi literature. A number of Punjabi scholars and poets including Shah Hussain, Sultan Bahu, Abdullah Lahori, Bulleh Shah, Abdul Hakim Sialkoti, Mita Chenabi and Waris Shah wrote their works in the Mughal period.

File:Watercolour painting titled 'The Musjid (Masjid) of Wazeer Ali Khan (Wazir Ali Khan), Lahore, Panjab', painted in 1856 by William Carpenter.jpg
A painting of Wazir Khan Mosque in 1856. It was founded by Wazir Khan, a Punjabi viceroy of Shah Jahan, in 1634 and shows regional architectural influences.[71][72]

The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century.[23] After the death of the last viceroy, Adina Arain in 1758, large parts of Punjab were incorporated into Durrani Empire.[23] The decline of Mughals resulted in the rise of Sikh principalities, called misls, as well as several Punjabi Muslim tribal polities, notably Chattha clan under Nur Muhammad,[73][74][75][76][77] Gakhar clan under Muqarrab Khan and Sial clan under Inayatullah Khan.[78][79][80] The 18th century was marked by constant warfare between these principalities and by several foreign invasions.

Ranjit Singh, born in Gujranwala in the ruling family of one such principality, established the Sikh Empire which ruled Punjab from 1799 until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.[74]

British rule

File:Map of the Punjab (Panjab) region, showing the various doabs, ca.1880.jpg
Punjab region under British rule on a world map

Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognised British authority.[81] In the Revolt of 1857, a Kharal sardar, Rai Ahmad Khan, led a rebellion against the British Raj in the Bar region, as did the Dhund tribe in Murree. However, most Punjabis were divided with regards to their allegiance and many did not feel loyalty towards the Mughal emperor in Delhi. The British recruited a number of Sikh, Pathan and Muslim troops to quell the revolt. The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets.[23] Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and Rawalpindi became an important military installation.[23]

A large number of Punjabis were recruited in the British Indian Army during World War I, even though the Punjab remained a source of anti-colonial activities.[82] Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued.[23] At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society.[23] In 1919 a British officer ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in Amritsar. The Jallianwala massacre fuelled the Indian independence movement.[23] Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed.[23] Various social and independence movements and organisations originated from or had prominent influence in Punjab against the British during first half of 20th century, such as Silk Letter movement, Ghadar movement, Khaksar movement, and Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam.

File:Darbar Mahal by Moiz.jpg
Darbar palace of the Nawabs of Bahawalpur. Established in the 18th century, Bahawalpur was the largest of the princely states in the Punjab States Agency.

When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements.[23] Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim state (later called Pakistan), making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists.[23] At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India.[23]

The British Raj had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi, Agha Shorish Kashmiri, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai.

After independence

At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan.[83]Template:Sps The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition, with casualties estimated to be in the millions.[84][85][86][87]

Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity that occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide-scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Geography

Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province by area after Balochistan with an area of Script error: No such module "convert"..[88] It occupies 25.8% of the total landmass of Pakistan.[88] Punjab province is bordered by Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir in the north. Punjab borders Jammu and Kashmir in the north, and the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east.

The undivided Punjab region was home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistan's Punjab province. From west to east, the rivers are: the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. The land bounded by two rivers is called Doab; Punjab province has four doabs i.e Sind Sagar, Jech, Rachna and Bari. It is the only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city of Islamabad.[89][90]

Topography

File:Murree hill station,Pakistan.jpeg
Punjab features mountainous terrain near the hill station of Murree.
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The route from Dera Ghazi Khan to Fort Munro

Punjab's landscape mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers, which traverse Punjab north to south. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Punjab also includes several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, the Margalla Hills in the north near Islamabad, and the Salt Range which divides the most northerly portion of Punjab, the Pothohar Plateau, from the rest of the province. In south the elevation reaches Script error: No such module "convert". at the hill station of Suroh in Dera Ghazi Khan, which is also the highest peak in province.[91] A portion of Thar desert lies in southern Punjab along the border with Indian state of Rajasthan, known as Cholistan. Another semi-arid desert lies in the Sind Sagar Doab called Thal.

Fauna

File:Mother Chinkara.jpg
Chital (centre) and chinkaras (background) at Lal Suhanra National Park

Terrain of Punjab supports a wide range of fauna due to the variety of landscape present in the region, ranging from snowy hills to deserts. The mammal species in the province include leopard, barking deer, gray wolf, striped hyena, jackal, White-footed fox, chinkara, hog deer, rhesus macaque, and pangolin. The blackbuck, nilgai and chital have been successfully reintroduced at Lal Suhanra National Park. Punjab urial is the provincial animal, and is found only in the Salt Range and Kala Chitta Range of northern Punjab. Sulaiman markhor is also present in the southwestern Sulaiman Range. Reptilian species include mugger crocodile, gharial, monitor lizard, Russell's viper, Indian cobra, saw-scaled viper, wolf snake, John's sand boa, and spiny-tailed lizard. Indus river dolphin is the best known aquatic mammal endemic to the Indus River Basin in Punjab and Sindh.[92] The avian species include Himalayan monal, Kalij pheasant, Koklass pheasant, grey partridge, grey francolin, common wood pigeon, houbara bustard, bulbul, common quail, pied cuckoo, parakeet, Sind woodpecker, great Indian bustard, black kite, Eurasian nightjar, steppe eagle, shikra, Eurasian griffon vulture, and peregrine falcon.[93]

Climate

File:Punjab sunset.JPG
Sunset in Punjab, during summer

Most areas in Punjab experience extreme weather with foggy winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s, the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

In early 2007, the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years.[94]

Punjab's region temperature ranges from −2° to 45 °C, but can reach 50 °C (122 °F) in summer and can touch down to −10 °C in winter.

Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:[95]

  • Hot weather (April to early June) when temperature rises as high as Script error: No such module "convert"..
  • Rainy season (late June to September). Average annual rainfall ranges between 950 and 1300 mm sub-mountain region and 500–800 mm in the plains.
  • Cold / Foggy / mild weather (October to March). Temperature goes down as low as Script error: No such module "convert"..

Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well, and feature a much cooler and wetter climate, with snowfall common at higher altitudes.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Demographics

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Historical population figures[96]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:EfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn
Census Population Urban Rural
1881 7,942,399 881,955 7,060,444
1891 8,895,342 893,610 8,001,732
1901 10,427,765 994,626 9,433,139
1911 11,104,585 1,012,324 10,092,261
1921 11,888,985 1,179,439 10,709,546
1931 14,040,798 1,714,641 12,326,157
1941 17,350,103 2,591,313 14,758,790
1951 20,540,762 3,568,076 16,972,686
1961 25,463,974 5,475,922 19,988,052
1972 37,607,423 9,182,695 28,424,728
1981 47,292,441 13,051,646 34,240,795
1998 73,621,290 23,019,025 50,602,265
2017 110,012,615 40,401,164 70,008,451
2023 127,688,922 51,975,967 75,712,955

Population

The province is home to over half the population of Pakistan, and is the world's second-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside of India and China. The capital and largest city is Lahore which has been the capital of the wider Punjab region since 16th-century. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum, Rahim Yar Khan and Sahiwal.

As per a 2025 Dawn News report, based on data compiled by research organisation Population Council, UK Aid and the United Nations Population, Pakistan's Punjab had an annual growth rate of 2.53%. According to demographic projections, if the province’s current total fertility rate of 3.4 children per woman remains unchanged, Punjab’s population could more than double to approximately 253 million by 2050.[97]

Languages

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The major native language spoken in Punjab is Punjabi, representing the largest language spoken in the country. The Punjabi language is spoken in the form of many dialects across the province, including Majhi, Pothwari, Thali, Jhangvi, Dhanni, Shahpuri, and Doabi. In addition to Punjabi, other closely related languages such as Saraiki in the south (including Multani, Derawali, and Riasti dialects) and Hindko in the northwest (including Chachhi, Ghebi, and Awankari dialects) are also spoken widely. Both Saraiki and Hindko have been enumerated separately from Punjabi in the Pakistani censuses of 1981 and 2017.

Religions

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Template:Pie chart According to the 2023 census, the population of Punjab, Pakistan was 127,688,922.[98] With 124,462,897 adherents, Muslims comprise the largest religious group, with a Sunni Hanafi majority and a Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority, forming approximately 97.75 per cent of the population.[98] As of 2026, there were more than 80,000 mosques in the province.[99] The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians with 2,458,924 adherents, forming roughly 1.93 per cent of the population.[98] Hindus form 249,716 people, comprising approximately 0.20 per cent of the population.[98] The other minorities include Sikhs and Parsis.[98]

Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (1881–2023)
Religious
group 		1881[100][101][102][103]Template:Efn 1891[104][105][106][107]Template:Efn 1901[108][109]Template:Efn 1911[110][111]Template:Efn 1921[112]Template:Efn 1931[113]Template:Efn 1941Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Efn 1951[114]Template:Rp 1998[115] 2017[116][117] 2023[98][118]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg 6,201,859 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 6,766,545 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 7,951,155 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 8,494,314 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 8,975,288 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 10,570,029 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 13,022,160 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 20,200,794 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 71,574,830 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 107,541,602 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 124,462,897 Script error: No such module "Percentage".
Hinduism File:Om.svgTemplate:Efn 1,449,913 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 1,727,810 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 1,944,363 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 1,645,758 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 1,797,141 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 1,957,878 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 2,373,466 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 33,052 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 116,410 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 211,641 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 249,716 Script error: No such module "Percentage".
Sikhism File:Khanda.svg 272,908 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 366,162 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 483,999 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 813,441 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 863,091 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 1,180,789 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 1,530,112 Script error: No such module "Percentage". — — — — — — 5,649 Script error: No such module "Percentage".
Christianity File:Christian cross.svg 12,992 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 30,168 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 42,371 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 144,514 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 247,030 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 324,730 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 395,311 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 402,617 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 1,699,843 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 2,063,063 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 2,458,924 Script error: No such module "Percentage".
Jainism File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 4,352 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 4,408 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 5,562 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 5,977 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 5,930 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 6,921 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 9,520 Script error: No such module "Percentage". — — — — — — — —
Zoroastrianism File:Faravahar.svg 354 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 215 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 300 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 377 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 309 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 413 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 312 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 195 Script error: No such module "Percentage". — — — — 358 Script error: No such module "Percentage".
Buddhism File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg 0 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 0 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 6 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 168 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 172 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 32 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 87 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 9 Script error: No such module "Percentage". — — — — — —
Judaism File:Star of David.svg — — 17 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 9 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 36 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 16 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 6 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 7 Script error: No such module "Percentage". — — — — — — — —
Ahmadiyya File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 181,428 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 158,021 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 140,512 Script error: No such module "Percentage".
Others 21 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 17 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 0 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 0 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 8 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 0 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 19,534 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 35 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 48,779 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 15,328 Script error: No such module "Percentage". 15,249 Script error: No such module "Percentage".
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Government and administration

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File:Beautiful view of Punjab Assembly Lahore - panoramio.jpg
Punjab assembly, Lahore

The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Maryam Nawaz Sharif, who is also the first ever woman Chief Minister of any province in Pakistan. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn, reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.

The province is represented in the federal parliament through 173, out of 336, seats in National Assembly, the lower house; and 23, out of 96, seats in Senate, the upper house.

Divisions

File:Punjab Divisions Map.png
Map of the Pakistani Punjab Divisions

Template:Excerpt

Districts

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Major cities

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List of major cities in Punjab
Rank City District Population Image
1 Lahore Lahore 11,126,285 File:Badshahi Mosquee, Lahore.jpg
2 Faisalabad Faisalabad 3,204,726 File:Clock Tower Faisalabad by Usman Nadeem.jpg
3 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 2,098,231 File:Perspective view from main gate - Christ Church, Rawalpindi.jpg
4 Gujranwala Gujranwala 2,027,001 File:Nishan-E-Manzil Gujranwala 20140925.jpg
5 Multan Multan 1,871,843 File:Shah Rukn e Alam by M Ali Mir 03.jpg
6 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 762,111 File:Front Elevation of Noor Mahal.jpg
7 Sargodha Sargodha 659,862 File:Central Library of University of Sargodha.jpg
8 Sialkot Sialkot 655,852 File:Clock Tower, Sialkot 21.jpg
9 Sheikhupura Sheikhupura 473,129 File:Hiran Minar- monument to Mansraj.jpg
10 Rahim Yar Khan Rahim Yar Khan 420,419 File:Bhong Mosaue Main Building.jpg
11 Jhang Jhang 414,131 File:Shrine of Sufi Saint Sultan Bahu, Jhang .jpg
12 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 399,064 File:Statue of horses, D.G. Khan.jpg
13 Gujrat Gujrat 390,533 File:Mosque in Gujrat Pakistan.JPG
14 Sahiwal Sahiwal 389,605 File:Ravi bridge.jpg
15 Wah Cantonment Rawalpindi 380,103 File:Central Mosque (Markai Jamia Masjid), Wah Cantt.jpg
Source: pbscensus 2017[119]
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Economy

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File:GDP by Province.jpg
GDP by Province

The industrial sector comprising 24 per cent of the province's gross domestic product.[2] Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972.[120] Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also a major manpower contributor because it has the largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%.[121] In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8%[122] and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% and 8% per year.[123] and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.

It is known for its relative prosperity,[124] and has the lowest rate of poverty among all Pakistani provinces.[125]Template:Efn However, a clear divide is present between the northern and southern regions of the province;[124] with northern Punjab being relatively more developed than southern Punjab.[126][127]

Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan;[2] its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilisers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.[128]

File:Industrial Zones Punjab.jpg
Industrial Zones Punjab, Source:[129]

Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods. Industrial estates are being developed by Punjab government to boost industrialisation in province, Quaid e Azam Business Park Sheikhupura is one of the industrial areas which is being developed near Sheikhupura on Lahore-Islamabad motorway.[130]

Punjab has the lowest poverty rates in Pakistan, although a divide is present between the northern and southern parts of the province.[124] Sialkot District in the prosperous northern part of the province has a poverty rate of 5.63%,[131] while Rajanpur District in the poorer south has a poverty rate of 60.05%.[127]

Education

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File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg
Government College University, Lahore

The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years (see the table below). Punjab has the highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.550.[132]

Literacy rate[133][134]
Year Literacy rate
1972 20.7%
1981 27.4%
1998 46.56%
2009 59.6%
2021 66.3%[135]

List of universities

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List of medical colleges

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Culture

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The culture in Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilisation, dating back to 3000 BCE.[136] Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership.[136] Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan".[136]

Fairs and festivals

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The Islamic festivals are typically observed.[137][138] Non-Islamic festivals include Lohri, Basant and Vaisakhi, which are usually celebrated as seasonal festivals.[139] The Islamic festivals are set according to the lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.[140]

Some Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban the participation of non-Islamic festivals because of the religious basis,[141] and they being declared haram (forbidden in Islam).[142]

Tourism

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File:Lahore Fort.jpg
The Lahore Fort, a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
File:Another great bastion of Rohtas Fort by Usman Ghani.jpg
Rohtas Fort, a UNESCO world heritage site, was built upon a hill overlooking the Pothohar Plateau.
File:Derawar-fort-pak.png
Derawar Fort, a medieval era fort in the Cholistan desert

Tourism in Punjab is regulated by the Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab.[143] The province has a number of large cosmopolitan cities, including the provincial capital Lahore. Major visitor attractions there include Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, which are now recognised World Heritage Sites. The Walled City of Lahore, Badshahi Mosque, Wazir Khan Mosque, Tomb of Jahangir and Nur Jahan, Tomb of Asaf Khan, Chauburji and other major sites are visited by tourists each year.

Murree is a famous hill station stop for tourists.[144] The Pharwala Fort, which was built by an ancient Hindu civilisation, is on the outskirts of the city. The city of Sheikhupura also has a number of sites from the Mughal Empire, including the World Heritage-listed Rohtas Fort near Jhelum. The Katasraj temple in the city of Chakwal is a major destination for Hindu devotees. The Khewra Salt Mines is one of the oldest mines in South Asia. Faisalabad's clock tower and eight bazaars were designed to represent the Union Jack.[145]

File:Noor mahal.jpg
Noor Mahal, Bahawalpur

The province's southward is arid. Multan is known for its mausoleums of saints and Sufi pirs. The Multan Museum, Multan fort, DHA 360° zoo and Nuagaza tombs are significant attractions in the city. The city of Bahawalpur is located near the Cholistan and Thar deserts. Derawar Fort in the Cholistan Desert is the site for the annual Cholistan Jeep Rally. The city is also near the ancient site of Uch Sharif which was once a Delhi Sultanate stronghold. The Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, and Darbar Mall were built during the reign of the Nawabs. The Lal Suhanra National Park is a major zoological garden on the outskirts of the city.[146]

Social issues

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File:Punjabi prachar demand.jpg
A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools of the Punjab.

The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that the Punjabi language in the province is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish.[147][148][149][150]

In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.[151][152] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.[153][154] Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day.

Hafiz Saeed, chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD), has questioned Pakistan's decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language, citing his interpretation of Islamic doctrine as encouraging education in the mother-tongue.[155] Some of the organisations and activists that demand the promotion of the Punjabi language include:

  • Cultural and research institutes: Punjabi Adabi Board, the Khoj Garh Research Centre, Punjabi Prachar, Institute for Peace and Secular Studies, Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International.
  • Trade unions and youth groups: Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union-Pakistan, Punjabi National Conference, National Youth Forum, Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union, Pakistan, and the Punjabi National Conference.
  • Notable activists include Tariq Jatala, Farhad Iqbal, Diep Saeeda, Khalil Ojla, Afzal Sahir, Jamil Ahmad Paul, Mazhar Tirmazi, Mushtaq Sufi, Biya Je, Tohid Ahmad Chattha and Bilal Shaker Kahaloon, Nazeer Kahut.[156][157][158]

Notable people

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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    • Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, Template:ISBN, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat
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  123. ↑ A PricewaterhouseCoopers study released in 2009, surveying the 2008 GDP of the top cities in the world, calculated Faisalabad's GDP (PPP) at $35 billion. The city was third in Pakistan behind Karachi ($78 billion) and Lahore ($40 billion). Faisalabad's GDP is projected to rise to $37 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.7%, higher than the growth rates of 5.5% and 5.6% predicted for Karachi and Lahore.[2][ "PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre". Ukmediacentre.pwc.com. 1 June 2005.]– Last Paragraph
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  137. ↑ Official Holidays 2016 Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Government of Punjab – Pakistan (2016)
  138. ↑ Official Holidays 2016 Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Karachi Metropolitan, Sindh, Pakistan
  139. ↑ Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manage of Publications
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Eid ul-Fitar, Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar in India, Festival Dates
  141. ↑ The ban on fun, IRFAN HUSAIN, Dawn, 18 February 2017
  142. ↑ The barricaded Muslim mind Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Saba Naqvi (28 August 2016), Quote: "Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam"
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  155. ↑ "Pakistan should have adopted Punjabi as national language: Hafiz Saeed" Zee News. 6 March 2016
    • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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    • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. 4 October 2015.
    • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ "Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" The Nation. 21 February 2011.
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Bibliography

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External links

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  • Script error: No such module "Official website".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Guide to Punjab, Pakistan

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