Kalij pheasant
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The kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), or simply kalij, is a pheasant found in forests and thickets, especially in the Himalayan foothills, from Nepal, Pakistan to western Thailand. Males are rather variable depending on the subspecies involved, but all have at least partially glossy bluish-black plumage, while females are overall brownish. Both sexes have a bare red face and greyish legs (the latter separating it from the red-legged silver pheasant).[1] It is generally widespread, though three of its eastern subspecies (L. l. oatesi, L. l. lineata, and L. l. crawfurdi) are considered threatened and L. l. moffitti is virtually unknown in the wild.[1]
The name is also spelled kaleege in old texts, such as Game Birds of India and Asia by Frank Finn,[2] though no longer in his Indian Sporting Birds.[3] The species was introduced to Hawaii[4] in 1962 as a gamebird.[5] On 21 October 2021, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir declared the kalij pheasant as bird of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.[6]
Taxonomy
The kalij pheasant is closely related to the silver pheasant, and the two are known to hybridize.[7] The placement of the taxa L. l. lineata and L. l. crawfurdi has been a matter of dispute, with some treating them as subspecies of the kalij pheasant[1] and others as subspecies of the silver pheasant.[8] They have greyish legs as in the kalij pheasant, but their plumage is closer to that of some subspecies of the silver pheasant. Additionally, as the silver pheasant, L. l. lineata and L. l. crawfurdi are found east of the Irrawaddy River, a major zoogeographic barrier, while all other subspecies of the kalij pheasant are found west of the river (L. l. oatesi, a subspecies of the kalij pheasant, has sometimes been reported as occurring east of that river,[1] but this is incorrect[9]). Based on mtDNA, it was recently confirmed that L. l. lineata and L. l. crawfurdi should be regarded as subspecies of the kalij pheasant.[10]
Subspecies
The nine recognized subspecies of the kalij pheasant are, in taxonomic order:
- L. l. hamiltoni J.E. Gray, 1829)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – white-crested kalij pheasant – western Himalayas
- L. l. leucomelanos (Latham, 1790)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – nominate – forests of Nepal
- L. l. melanota (Hutton, 1848)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – black-backed kalij pheasant – Sikkim and western Bhutan
- L. l. moffitti (Hachisuka, 1938)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – black kalij pheasant – central Myanmar
- L. l. lathami (J.E. Gray, 1829)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Horsfield's pheasant – eastern Bhutan and northern India to Myanmar
- L. l. williamsi (Oates, 1898)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Williams' kalij pheasant – western Myanmar
- L. l. oatesi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1893)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Oates' kalij pheasant – southern Myanmar
- L. l. crawfurdi (J.E. Gray, 1829)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Crawfurd's pheasant – southeastern Myanmar to peninsular Thailand
- L. l. lineata (Vigors, 1831)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – lineated pheasant – southern Myanmar to northwestern Thailand
Description
Males have a total length of Template:Convert and females Template:Convert.[1] Very roughly, the subspecies can be divided into two main groups, with the first (subspecies L. l. hamiltoni, L. l. leucomelanos, L. l. melanota, L. l. moffitti, and L. l. lathami) being found in the western and central part of the species' range, while the second (L. l. williamsi, L. l. oatesi, L. l. lineata, and L. l. crawfurdi) is found in the eastern part. In the males of the first group, most of the plumage is glossy blue-black, though with white to the rump or underparts in most subspecies, and in L. l. hamiltoni, the westernmost subspecies, the crest is white (all others have a blue-black crest). In the second group, the underparts and crest are glossy blue-black, but the tail and upperparts are white (or very pale grey) with most feathers densely vermiculated with black.[1]
Females are brownish. In some subspecies, the underparts are distinctly marked in whitish and black, while in others, most feathers are pale-edged, resulting in a scaly appearance.[1]
UT Bird of Jammu and Kashmir
On 21 October 2021, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir declared Kalij Pheasant as a bird of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
Kalij Pheasant is known as Wan Kokur, Wan Kokud or Ban Kokur in the Kashmiri language, which can be translated as wild cock.[6]
References
External links
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- ↑ a b c d e f g McGowan, P. J. K. (1994). Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos). pp. 533 in: del Hoyo, J, A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Finn, F. (1911?). Game Birds of India and Asia.
- ↑ Finn, F. (1915). Indian Sporting Birds.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namediucn - ↑ "Lophura leucomelanos | Kalij pheasant". hawaiibirdingtrails.hawaii.gov. State of Hawaii. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ MacKinnon, J., & K. Phillipps (2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of China. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN
- ↑ McGowan, P. J. K., A. L. Panchen (1994). Plumage variation and geographical distribution in the Kalij and Silver Pheasants. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 114: 113-123.
- ↑ Robson, C. (2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Moulin, S., E. Randi, C. Tabarroni, & A. Hennache (2003). Mitochondrial DNA diversification among the subspecies of the Silver and Kalij Pheasants, Lophura nycthemera and L. leucomelanos, Phasianidae. Ibis 145: E1-E11