Operation Tumbler–Snapper

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Operation Tumbler–Snapper was a series of nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States in early 1952 at the Nevada Test Site. The Tumbler–Snapper series of tests followed Operation Buster–Jangle and preceded Operation Ivy.

Tests

Tumbler

The Tumbler phase, sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission, consisted of three airdrops intended to help explain discrepancies in the actual and estimated blast shock wave damage noted on previous detonations and to establish more accurately the optimal height of burst.

Snapper

The Snapper phase, sponsored by the Department of Defense, consisted of one airdrop and four tower shots intended to test various new weapons developments.[1]

The military exercise Desert Rock IV, involving 7350 soldiers, took place during the test series. They trained during the Charlie, Dog, and George shots and observed shot Fox.[2]

Aftermath

The Tumbler-Snapper detonations included some particularly fallout-heavy weapons. Of particular note is shot George, which contaminated more citizens than any other nuclear test in the United States. George alone accounted for some 7 percent of all population exposure to radiation during the 1,032 nuclear tests performed by the United States.[3][4]

File:US nuclear test exposure.png
The ten highest radiation exposures to residents from US continental nuclear testing, with shot George in the first column.

Summary

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United States' Tumbler–Snapper series tests and detonations
Name [note 1] Date time (UT) Local time zone[note 2][5] Location[note 3] Elevation + height [note 4] Delivery,[note 5]
Purpose [note 6] 		Device[note 7] Yield[note 8] Fallout[note 9] References Notes
AbleScript error: No such module "anchor". Template:Dts 17:00:07.5 PST (−8 h) NTS Area 5 Template:Coord Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert free air drop,
weapon effect 		Mk-4 Template:Sort iodine-131 venting detected, Template:Convert [6][7][8][9][10] U-235 core, same as Ranger Able. Same scale height as Hiroshima and Buster Baker in order to recreate similar blast conditions on a different type of surface.
BakerScript error: No such module "anchor". Template:Dts 17:29:57.1 PST (−8 h) NTS Area 7 Template:Coord Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert free air drop,
weapon effect 		Mk-4 Template:Sort iodine-131 venting detected, Template:Convert [6][7][8][9][10]

Repeat of Tumbler Able but on the Buster area at a higher height of burst.

CharlieScript error: No such module "anchor". Template:Dts 17:30:10.0 PST (−8 h) NTS Area 7 Template:Coord Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert free air drop,
weapon effect, weapons development 		Mk-4 Template:Sort iodine-131 venting detected, Template:Convert [6][7][8][9][10] Same scale height as Tumbler Baker in order to check the applicability of cube root blast scaling. Proof test of new core (?). First blast broadcast live on TV. Desert Rock IV.
DogScript error: No such module "anchor". Template:Dts 16:29:59.1 PST (−8 h) NTS Area 7 Template:Coord Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert free air drop, weapon effect,
weapons development 		TX-7 Template:Sort iodine-131 venting detected, Template:Convert [6][7][8][9][10] Same scale height as Buster Charlie and Easy. First boosted fission test in CONUS. Tested deuterium (without tritium) gas fusion boosting. First detection of a precursor pressure wave. Desert Rock IV.
EasyScript error: No such module "anchor". Template:Dts 12:14:59.3 PST (−8 h) NTS Area 1 Template:Coord Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert tower,
weapons development 		Mk-12 "BROK-1" Template:Sort iodine-131 venting detected, Template:Convert [6][7][8][9][10] First use of beryllium as tamper.
FoxScript error: No such module "anchor". Template:Dts 11:59:59.6 PST (−8 h) NTS Area 4 Template:Coord Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert tower,
weapons development 		TX-5 "XR1" Template:Sort iodine-131 venting detected, Template:Convert [6][7][8][9][10] Designed to test the initiation/yield curve. Calibration test for TOM polonium/beryllium internal initiator. Desert Rock IV.
GeorgeScript error: No such module "anchor". Template:Dts 11:54:59.8 PST (−8 h) NTS Area 3 Template:Coord Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert tower,
weapons development 		TX-5 "XR-2" Template:Sort iodine-131 venting detected, Template:Convert [6][7][8][9][10] Tested an external betatron initiator that shot x-rays into the core, which induced neutrons by photofission. Desert Rock IV.
HowScript error: No such module "anchor". Template:Dts 11:55:00.3 PST (−8 h) NTS Area 2 Template:Coord Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert tower,
weapons development 		TX-12 "Scorpion" Template:Sort iodine-131 venting detected, Template:Convert [6][7][8][9][10] First test to use a beryllium neutron reflector/tamper.

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Video

File:A Photographic Study of Blast and Thermal Phenomena - Operation TUMBLER.webm
A photographic-study of blast and thermal phenomena - Operation TUMBLER.

Gallery

References

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External links

Template:US Nuclear Tests

  1. ↑ Byrnes, V. A. (1953). Flash blindness. Operation SNAPPER. Nevada Proving Grounds, April–June 1952, Project 4.5. School of Aerospace Medicine. Brooks A.F.B. Texas.
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