Tibetan pinyin
(Redirected from Official PRC Tibetan romanisation system)
Template:Short description The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Standard Tibetan, commonly known as Tibetan pinyin or ZWPY (Template:Lang-zh), is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in China.[1] It is based on the pronunciation used by China National Radio's Tibetan Radio,[1] which is based on the Lhasa dialect. It has been used within China as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script since 1982.[2][3]
Tibetan pinyin is a phonetic transcription, and as such its spelling is tied to actual pronunciation (although tone is not marked).[4] Wylie on the other hand is a transliteration system, where mechanical conversion to and from Tibetan and Latin script is possible. Within academic circles, Wylie transliteration (with a v replacing the apostrophe) is more commonly used.
Overview
Onsets overview
Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows:
For more general case, see #Onsets.
Vowels and final consonant
The 17 vowels of the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:
| IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | i | Script error: No such module "IPA". | in |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ê | Script error: No such module "IPA". | en |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ai/ä | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ain/än |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | a | Script error: No such module "IPA". | an |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | u | Script error: No such module "IPA". | un |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ô | Script error: No such module "IPA". | on |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | o | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ǒn |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ü | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ün |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | oi/ö | Script error: No such module "IPA". | oin/ön |
Ending a syllable, -r is usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place, -n usually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:
| IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | b/• |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | g/— |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | r |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | m |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ng |
Single syllable orthography
The tone of a syllable depends mostly on its initial consonant. In this table, each initial is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with the vowel a and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).
Onsets
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see #Onset variation.
| IPA | Wylie transliteration | Tibetan pinyin | THL |
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | p, sp, dp, lp | b | p |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rb, sb, sbr | b | b |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | lb, ’b | b | b |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ph, ’ph | p | p |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | b | p | b |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | bh | bh | bh |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rm, sm, dm, smr | m | m |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | m, mr | m | m |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | wTemplate:NoteTag, db, b | w | w |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld | d | t |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd | d | d |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | lth | d | |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | zl, bzl, ld, md, ’d | d | d |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | th, mth, ’th | t | t |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | d, dw | t | d |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn | n | n |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | n | n | n |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl | l | l |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | l, lw | l | l |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | lh | lh | lh |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts | z | ts |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rdz, gdz, brdz | z | dz |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | mdz, ’dz | z | dz |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | tsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tsh | c | ts |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | dz | c | dz |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr | s | s |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | z, zw, gz, bz | s | z |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr | zh | tr |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr | zh | dr |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | mgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’br | zh | dr |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | khr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phr | ch | tr |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | gr, dr, br, grw | ch | dr |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | hr | sh | hr |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | r, rw | r | r |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rh | rh | |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky | gy | ky |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy | gy | gy |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | mgy, ’gy | gy | gy |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | khy, mkhy, ’khy | ky | khy |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | gy | ky | gy |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | hy | hy | hy |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy | j | ch |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj | j | j |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | lj, mj, ’j, ’by | j | j |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ch, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phy | q | ch |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | j, by | q | j |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | sh, shw, gsh, bsh | x | sh |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | zh, zhw, gzh, bzh | x | zh |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy | ny | ny |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ny, my | ny | ny |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | g.y | y | y |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | y, dby | y | y |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk | g | k |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg | g | g |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | lg, mg, ’g | g | g |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | kh, khw, mkh, ’kh | k | kh |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | g, gw | k | g |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng | ng | ng |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ng | ng | ng |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | —, db | — | — |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ’ | — | — |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | h, hw | h | h |
Rimes
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.[5] If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, see Coda variation.
Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").
| Tibetan | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly |
| Wylie | a | a'u | ar | al a'i | ad as | ag ags | ab abs | ang angs | am ams | an |
| Pinyin | a | au | ar | ai/ä | ag | ab | ang | am | ain/än | |
| IPA | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Tibetan | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly |
| Wylie | i | i'u | ir | il a'i | id is | ig igs | ib ibs | ing ings | im ims | in |
| Pinyin | i | iu | ir | i | ig | ib | ing | im | in | |
| IPA | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Tibetan | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | |
| Wylie | u | ur | ul u'i | ud us | ug ugs | ub ubs | ung ungs | um ums | un | |
| Pinyin | u | ur | ü | ug | ub | ung | um | ün | ||
| IPA | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Tibetan | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | |
| Wylie | e | er | el e'i | ed es | eg egs | eb ebs | eng engs | em ems | en | |
| Pinyin | ê | êr | ê | êg | êb | êng | êm | ên | ||
| IPA | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Tibetan | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly |
| Wylie | o | o'u | or | ol o'i | od os | og ogs | ob obs | ong ongs | om oms | on |
| Pinyin | ô | ou | ôr | oi/ö | ôg | ôb | ông | ôm | oin/ön | |
| IPA | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Intersyllable influence
Onset variation
- Bare low aspirated variation
- k*, q*, t*, p*, x*, s*, ky*, ch* become g*, j*, d*, b*, ?*, ?*, gy*, zh* respectively
- pa* (་བ) and po* (་བོ) become wa and wo respectively
Coda variation
Sometimes there is intersyllabic influence:
| Tibetan script | Tibetan pinyin | Wylie (EWTS) | Lhasa IPA | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [[Mapam Yumtso|Template:Bo-textonly]] | Mapam Yumco | ma-pham g.yu-mtsho | Script error: No such module "IPA". | forward shift of prefix མ |
| [[Tradruk Temple|Template:Bo-textonly]] | Changzhug Gönba | khra-’brug dgon-pa | Script error: No such module "IPA". | shift of the prefix འ (ཨ་ཆུང a chung), creating a final nasal consonant |
Encoding
The IETF language tag for Tibetan pinyin is bo-Latn-pinyin.[6]
Examples
| Tibetan Script | Wylie | Tibetan pinyin | THL | other transcriptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Bo-textonly | Gzhis-ka-rtse | Xigazê | Zhikatse | Shigatse, Shikatse |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Bkra-shis-lhun-po | Zhaxilhünbo | Trashilhünpo | Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc. |
| Template:Bo-textonly | ’Bras-spung | Zhaibung | Dräpung | Drebung |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan | Qoigyi Gyaicain | Chökyi Gyältshän | Choekyi Gyaltsen |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Thub-bstan Rgya-mtsho | Tubdain Gyaco | Thuptän Gyatsho | Thubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso |
See also
Script error: No such module "Portal".
- Hanyu pinyin
- Standard Tibetan
- THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription
- Tibetan script
- Wylie transliteration
- Roman Dzongkha
Notes
References
Citations
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- ↑ a b Template:Harvp
- ↑ Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names – UNGEGN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Sources
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家测绘局地名研究所 (Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau; ed.). Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 / Gazetteer of China. (Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国地图出版社 1997); Template:ISBN. Contains official spellings for place names.
- Zàngwén Pīnyīn Jiàocái – Lāsàyīn 藏文拼音教材•拉萨音 / bod yig gi sgra sbyor slob deb, lha sa'i skad (Course in the Pöyig Kigajor of Lhasa dialect; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1983), Template:ISBN. Pöyig Kigajor (ZWPY) is a modified version of the official transcription "Tibetan pinyin" (ZYPY), with tone letters.
- Wylie, Turrell: A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1959, p. 261-267.
- David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre: THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library, December 12, 2003).
- The Transliteration and Transcription of Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library)
- Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names – UNGEGN
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