Northern Low Saxon

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Northern Low Saxon (in Standard High German: Script error: No such module "Lang"., also Script error: No such module "Lang".,[1] lit. North(ern) Low Saxon/German; in Standard Dutch: Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a subgroup of Low Saxon dialects of Low German. As such, it covers a great part of the West Low German-speaking areas of northern Germany, with the exception of the border regions where South Low Saxon (Eastphalian and Westphalian) is spoken, and Gronings dialect in the Netherlands.

Dialects

Northern Low Saxon can be divided into Holsteinian (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Schleswigian (Script error: No such module "Lang".), East Frisian Low Saxon, Dithmarsch (Script error: No such module "Lang".), North Hanoveranian (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Emslandish (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and Oldenburgish (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Germany,[2] with additional dialects in the Netherlands, such as Gronings.[3]

Script error: No such module "Lang". is spoken in Holstein, the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, in Dithmarschen, around Neumünster, Rendsburg, Kiel and Lübeck.

Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".) is spoken in Schleswig, which is divided between Germany and Denmark. It is mainly based on a South Jutlandic substrate. Therefore, it has some notable differences in pronunciation and grammar with its southern neighbour dialects. The dialects on the west coast of Schleswig (Nordfriesland district) and some islands show some North Frisian influences.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Script error: No such module "Lang". is spoken around the city of Oldenburg. It is limited to Germany. The main difference between it and East Frisian Low Saxon, which is spoken in the Frisian parts of Lower Saxony, is the lack of an East Frisian substrate. Oldenburgisch is spoken in the city of Bremen as "Bremian", which is the only capital where Oldenburgisch is spoken.

Overviews

a)[4]

  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (East Frisian)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".

b)[5]

  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (East Frisian)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Hamburg, Elbmarschen)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".

c) [6]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • Dithmarsch
  • Schleswigsch / Schleswigian
  • Holsteinisch / Holsteinian
  • Oldenburgisch
  • Emsländisch
  • Nordhannoversch

Emsländisch and Oldenburgisch are also grouped together as Emsländisch-Oldenburgisch, while Bremen and Hamburg lie in the area of Nordhannoversch (in a broader sense).[7][8]

Characteristics

The most obvious common character in grammar is the forming of the perfect participle. It is formed without a prefix, as in all North Germanic languages, as well as English and Frisian, but unlike standard German, Dutch and some dialects of Westphalian and Eastphalian Low Saxon:

  • gahn Script error: No such module "IPA". (to go): Ik bün gahn Script error: No such module "IPA". (I have gone/I went), Standard German: gehen; ich bin gegangen/ich ging
  • seilen Script error: No such module "IPA". (to sail): He hett seilt Script error: No such module "IPA". (He (has) sailed), Standard German: segeln; er ist gesegelt/er segelte
  • kopen Script error: No such module "IPA". (to buy): Wi harrn köfft Script error: No such module "IPA". (We had bought), Standard German: kaufen; wir haben gekauft/wir kauften
  • kamen Script error: No such module "IPA". (to come): Ji sünd kamen Script error: No such module "IPA". (You (all) have come/You came), Standard German: kommen; ihr seid gekommen/ihr kamt
  • eten Script error: No such module "IPA". (to eat): Se hebbt eten Script error: No such module "IPA". (They have eaten/They ate), Standard German: essen; sie haben gegessen/sie aßen

The diminutive (-je) (Dutch and East Frisian Low Saxon -tje, Eastphalian -ke, High German -chen, Alemannic -le, li) is hardly used. Some examples are Buscherumpje, a fisherman's shirt, or lüttje, a diminutive of lütt, little. Instead the adjective lütt is used, e.g. dat lütte Huus, de lütte Deern, de lütte Jung.

There are a lot of special characteristics in the vocabulary, too, but they are shared partly with other languages and dialects, e.g.:

  • Personal pronouns: ik Script error: No such module "IPA". (like Dutch ik, standard German form ich), du Script error: No such module "IPA". (like German Du, standard German form du), he Script error: No such module "IPA". (like Dutch hij, standard German form er), se Script error: No such module "IPA". (like Dutch zij, standard German form sie), dat Script error: No such module "IPA". (Dutch dat, standard German form es/das), wi Script error: No such module "IPA"., ji Script error: No such module "IPA". (similar to English ye, Dutch jij, standard German forms wir, ihr), se Script error: No such module "IPA". (standard German form sie).
  • Interrogatives (English/High German): wo Script error: No such module "IPA"., woans Script error: No such module "IPA". (how/wie), wo laat Script error: No such module "IPA". (how late/wie spät), wokeen Script error: No such module "IPA". (who/wer), woneem Script error: No such module "IPA". (where/wo), wokeen sien Script error: No such module "IPA". / wen sien Script error: No such module "IPA". (whose/wessen)
  • Adverbs (English/High German): laat Script error: No such module "IPA". (late/spät), gau Script error: No such module "IPA". (fast/schnell), suutje Script error: No such module "IPA". (slowly, carefully/langsam, vorsichtig, from Dutch zoetjes Script error: No such module "IPA". ‘nice and easy’, adverbial diminutive of zoet Script error: No such module "IPA". ‘sweet’), vigeliensch Script error: No such module "IPA". (difficult, tricky/schwierig)
  • Prepositions (English/High German): bi Script error: No such module "IPA". (by, at/bei), achter Script error: No such module "IPA". (behind/hinter), vör Script error: No such module "IPA". (before, in front of/vor), blangen Script error: No such module "IPA". (beside, next to, alongside/neben), twüschen Script error: No such module "IPA". (betwixt, between/zwischen), mang, mank Script error: No such module "IPA". (among/unter)

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  2. ↑ Noble, Cecil A. M. (1983). Modern German dialects, New York / Berne / Frankfort on the Main, Peter Lang, p. 103-104
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Wolfgang Lindow, Dieter Möhn, Hermann Niebaum, Dieter Stellmacher, Hans Taubken and Jan Wirrer, Niederdeutsche Grammatik, 1998, p. 18f.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., in: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ C. A. M. Noble, Modern German dialects, 1983, p. 117
  7. ↑ Michael Elmentaler and Peter Rosenberg (with the collaboration of others), Norddeutscher Sprachatlas (NOSA). Band 1: Regiolektale Sprachlagen, (series: Deutsche Dialektgeographie 113.1), Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim, 2015, p. 89 (map: Karte 1: Untersuchungsregionen und -orte des Projekts „Sprachvariation in Norddeutschland“), 97 (map: Karte 6: Vergleichskorpus (2): Sprachdaten aus dem KÖNIG-Korpus (1975/76))
  8. ↑ Jan Wirrer, Sprachwissen – Spracherfahrung: Untersuchungen zum metasprachlichen Wissen sprachwissenschaftlicher Laien, (series: Deutsche Dialektgeographie 116), Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim, 2021, p. 10

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External links

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