North-West Frontier Province

The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; Template:Langx) was a province of British India from 1901 to 1947, of the Dominion of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955, and of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan from 1970 to 2010. It was established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the British Punjab, during the British Raj. Following the referendum in 1947 to join either Pakistan or India, the province voted hugely in favour of joining Pakistan and it acceded accordingly on 14 August 1947. It was dissolved to form a unified province of West Pakistan in 1955 upon promulgation of One Unit Scheme and was reestablished in 1970. It was known by this name until 19 April 2010, when it was dissolved and redesignated as the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa following the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan.

The province covered an area of Template:Convert, including much of the current Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province but excluding the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the former princely states of Amb, Chitral, Dir, Phulra and Swat. Its capital was the city of Peshawar, and the province was composed of six divisions (Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, Mardan, and Peshawar Division; Malakand was later added as the seventh division). Until 1947, the province was bordered by five princely states to the north, the minor states of the Gilgit Agency to the northeast, the province of Punjab to the east and the province of Balochistan to the south. The Kingdom of Afghanistan lay to the northwest, with the Federally Administered Tribal Areas forming a buffer zone between the two.

History

Formation

The northwestern frontier areas were annexed by the East India Company after the Second Sikh War (1848–49). The territories thenceforth formed a part of Punjab until the province, then known as North West Frontier Province, was created in 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province. This region, along with the 'Frontier Tribal Areas', acted as a buffer zone with Afghanistan.

• The Punjab in 1880 (included areas of the later North-West Frontier Province)
  The Punjab in 1880 (included areas of the later North-West Frontier Province)
• Map of the North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909)
  Map of the North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909)
• Map of the North-West Frontier Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916)
  Map of the North-West Frontier Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916)
• Map of the North-West Frontier Province and neighbouring regions (National Geographic, 1946)
  Map of the North-West Frontier Province and neighbouring regions (National Geographic, 1946)

Inside Pakistan

Before the Partition of India, the 1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum was held in July 1947 to decide the future of NWFP, in which the people of the province decided in favor of joining Pakistan. Chief Minister Dr Khan Sahib, along with his brother Bacha Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.

As a separate province, the NWFP lasted until 1955 when it was merged into the new province of West Pakistan, under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali. It was recreated after the dissolution of the One Unit system and lasted under its old nomenclature until April 2010, when it was renamed the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.

Government

The offices of Governor and Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province lasted until 14 October 1955.

Tenure	Governors of the North-West Frontier Province
14 August 1947 – 8 April 1948	Sir George Cunningham
8 April 1948 – 16 July 1949	Sir Ambrose Dundas Flux Dundas
16 July 1949 – 14 January 1950	Sahibzada Mohammad Kursheed
14 January 1950 – 21 February 1950	Mohammad Ibrahim Khan Jhagra (acting)
21 February 1950 – 23 November 1951	Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar
24 November 1951 – 17 November 1954	Khwaja Shahabuddin
17 November 1954 – 14 October 1955	Qurban Ali Khan
14 October 1955	North-West Frontier Province dissolved

Tenure	Chief Ministers of the North-West Frontier Province	Political party
1 April 1937 – 7 September 1937	Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan	Non-party government nominee
7 September 1937 – 10 November 1939	Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (1st time)	Indian National Congress
10 November 1939 – 25 May 1943	Governor's rule
25 May 1943 – 16 March 1945	Sardar Aurangzeb Khan	Muslim League
16 March 1945 – 22 August 1947	Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (2nd time)	Indian National Congress
14 August 1947	Independence of Pakistan
23 August 1947 – 23 April 1953	Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri	Pakistan Muslim League
23 April 1953 – 18 July 1955	Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan
19 July 1955 – 14 October 1955	Sardar Bahadur Khan

Demographics

Population

Historical population, language, and religious counts in North-West Frontier Province were enumerated in all districts (Hazara, Mardan, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, and Dera Ismail Khan), detailed in the population, language, and religious tables above and below. Separate population counts were taken in the Agencies and Tribal Areas, as detailed on the respective article page.

At independence, there was a clear Muslim Pashtun, Hindkowan, and Punjabi majority in the North-West Frontier Province, although there were also significant Hindu and Sikh Pashtun, Hindkowan, and Punjabi minorities scattered across the province.

Population of North–West Frontier Province by District (1855–1941)

Census Year	Peshawar District		Dera Ismail Khan District		Hazara District		Bannu District		Kohat District		Mardan District		North-West Frontier Province
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
1855	450,099		362,041		296,364		—	—	101,232		—	—	1,209,736
1868	523,152		394,889		365,320		284,816		145,419		—	—	1,713,596
1881	592,674		441,649		407,075		332,577		181,540		—	—	1,955,515
1891	703,768		486,201		516,288		372,276		203,175		—	—	2,281,708
1901	788,707		252,379		560,288		231,485		217,865		—	—	2,050,724
1911	865,009		256,120		603,028		250,086		222,690		—	—	2,196,933
1921	907,367		260,767		622,349		246,734		214,123		—	—	2,251,340
1931	974,321		274,064		670,117		270,301		236,273		—	—	2,425,076
1941	851,833		298,131		796,230		295,930		289,404		506,539		3,038,067

Language

The languages of the North-West Frontier Province included Pashto, Hindko, Kohistani and others, although most of the population spoke either Pashto or Lahnda/Western Punjabi (primarily Hindko and Saraiki). Prior to the arrival of the British, the official language, for governmental uses and such, was Persian.

Language in North–West Frontier Province (1881–1931)

Mother Tongue	1881Template:Rp		1891Template:Rp		1901Template:Rp		1911Template:Rp		1921Template:Rp		1931Template:Rp
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Greater PunjabiTemplate:Efn	1,050,061		1,226,648		876,604		916,365		1,000,255		1,102,905
Pashto	870,816		1,023,021		1,088,606		1,221,859		1,202,326		1,279,471
Hindustani	17,645		15,686		15,598		16,995		8,814		19,221
English	4,554		5,204		4,601		5,720		9,762		7,852
Persian	4,028		3,962		2,851		3,454		2,352		6,030
Kashmiri	3,736		2,218		821		533		343		1,796
Balochi	2,510		554		92		—	—	—	—	—	—
Nepali	1,020		2,655		—	—	5,179		4,149		5,140
Dogri	624		336		674		46		—	—	—	—
Sindhi	204		101		196		—	—	7		—	—
Bengali	202		106		—	—	—	—	217		—	—
Tibetan	38		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Turkish	32		151		—	—	16		23		62
Tamil	23		37		—	—	—	—	68		—	—
Gujarati	16		282		—	—	97		11		—	—
Marathi	1		61		—	—	219		1		—	—
Arabic	1		17		—	—	12		54		24
German	1		10		—	—	5		—	—	3
French	1		4		—	—	4		—	—	9
Chinese	0		2		—	—	2		1		5
Italian	0		2		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Portuguese	0		—	—	—	—	34		—	—	14
Chitrali	—	—	7		1		41		—	—	—	—
Dutch	—	—	2		—	—	—	—	—	—	1
Spanish	—	—	2		—	—	—	—	—	—	1
Oria	—	—	1		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Turanian	—	—	1		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Armenian	—	—	0		—	—	2		—	—	—	—
Russian	—	—	0		—	—	1		—	—	—	—
Greek	—	—	0		—	—	—	—	—	—	2
Gujari	—	—	—	—	53,021		25,668		22,637		596
Odki	—	—	—	—	308		95		—	—	—	—
Purbi	—	—	—	—	—	—	359		98		—	—
Kohistani	—	—	—	—	—	—	117		222		377
Marwari	—	—	—	—	—	—	49		—	—	—	—
Pashayi	—	—	—	—	—	—	16		—	—	—	—
Danish	—	—	—	—	—	—	2		—	—	—	—
Irish	—	—	—	—	—	—	1		—	—	1
Welsh	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	19
Scotch	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1
Japanese	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1
East African Dialects	0		2		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Other Indo-Aryan or Dravidian languages	0		631		5,886		42		0		1,545
Other Asian languages	0		0		206		—	—	—	—	—	—
Other European languages	0		0		20		—	—	—	—	—	—
Not returned	2		—	—	1,239		—	—	—	—	—	—
Total	1,955,515		2,281,708		2,050,724		2,196,933		2,251,340		2,425,076

Districts

Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1931)Template:Rp

District	Pashto		Greater PunjabiTemplate:Efn		Hindustani		English		Persian		Others		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	781,773		167,994		11,798		5,864		3,952		2,940		974,321
Hazara District	29,375		630,704		4,113		257		24		5,644		670,117
Dera Ismail Khan District	53,643		217,561		419		336		1,678		427		274,064
Bannu District	228,381		39,814		1,181		556		13		356		270,301
Kohat District	186,299		46,832		1,710		839		363		230		236,273
Total	1,279,471		1,102,905		19,221		7,852		6,030		9,597		2,425,076

Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1921)Template:Rp

District	Pashto		Greater PunjabiTemplate:Efn		Gujari		English		Hindustani		Others		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	738,325		153,904		0		7,137		6,041		1,960		907,367
Hazara District	31,975		562,298		22,637		355		445		4,639		622,349
Dera Ismail Khan District	59,211		200,035		0		1,237		0		284		260,767
Bannu District	201,592		44,773		0		187		48		134		246,734
Kohat District	171,223		39,245		0		846		2,280		529		214,123
Total	1,202,326		1,000,255		22,637		9,762		8,814		7,546		2,251,340

Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1911)Template:Rp

District	Pashto		Greater PunjabiTemplate:Efn		Gujari		Hindustani		English		Others		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	709,465		134,962		27		11,224		5,028		4,303		865,009
Hazara District	29,151		542,131		25,641		515		144		5,446		603,028
Dera Ismail Khan District	71,015		182,139		0		2,531		247		188		256,120
Bannu District	218,845		29,875		0		1,204		121		41		250,086
Kohat District	193,383		27,258		0		1,521		180		348		222,690
Total	1,221,859		916,365		25,668		16,995		5,720		10,326		2,196,933

Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1901)Template:Rp

District	Pashto		Greater PunjabiTemplate:Efn		Gujari		Hindustani		English		Others		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	619,025		153,637		55		8,620		4,058		3,312		788,707
Hazara District	31,564		471,474		52,966		1,114		89		3,081		560,288
Dera Ismail Khan District	73,132		174,632		0		1,949		159		2,507		252,379
Bannu District	195,820		33,656		0		1,714		124		171		231,485
Kohat District	169,065		43,205		0		2,201		171		3,223		217,865
Total	1,088,606		876,604		53,021		15,598		4,601		12,294		2,050,724

Religion

Religious counts below is for the entirety of NWFP (Hazara, Mardan, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, and Dera Ismail Khan). The Agencies and Tribal Areas constituted a separate administrative division where religious composition was not enumerated, except at small Trans-Frontier Posts in the region.

Religion in North–West Frontier Province (1855–1941)

Religious group	1855Template:Rp		1881Template:Rp		1891Template:Rp		1901Template:Rp		1911Template:Rp		1921Template:Rp		1931Template:Rp		1941Template:Rp
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg	1,099,134Template:Efn		1,787,341		2,088,015		1,890,479		2,039,994		2,062,786		2,227,303		2,788,797
Hinduism File:Om.svg	110,602Template:Efn		154,081		166,984		129,306		119,942		149,881		142,977		180,321
Sikhism File:Khanda.svg	—	—	9,205		21,110		25,733		30,345		28,040		42,510		57,939
Christianity File:Christian cross.svg	—	—	4,725		5,437		5,119		6,585		10,610		12,213		10,889
Jainism File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg	—	—	106		108		37		4		3		0		1
Zoroastrianism File:Faravahar.svg	—	—	52		48		46		49		20		60		24
Buddhism File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg	—	—	0		0		0		0		0		2		25
Judaism File:Star of David.svg	—	—	—	—	4		4		14		0		11		71
Others	—	—	5		2		0		0		0		0		0
Total Population	1,209,736		1,955,515		2,281,708		2,050,724		2,196,933		2,251,340		2,425,076		3,038,067

Adherents of Islam who were indigenous to frontier regions that continued to have relatively large Hindu populations, and who were also relatively recent converts, were influenced by some traditions of Hinduism; in contrast, Muslims in frontier regions that had been further influenced by orthodox Islam and converted at a much earlier date were noted in their relatively different cultural habits.

"The high road, along which the Mohammedan conquerors and rulers of India passed and repassed lay through the north (the Khyber, Kurram and other routes); and it is probable that Islam never took so firm a hold of the inhabitants of the southern district as of the people to the north of them. In this connection it is interesting to notice that the Mussalman of the Derajat is less strict in his observance of the duties of his religion, such as fasts, prayers and the like, than his northern neighbours. Through Hazara lay the road by which the Emperors of Delhi went to and fro between the capital and their summer retreat in Kashmir, and it was natural that Islam should thoroughly permeate the district. Similarly Kohat, from its situation with regard to the Kurram Valley, which at no very distant period was, nominally at least, a portion of the Afghan kingdom, has been more influenced in the past by its Mohammedan neighbours to the west than have the districts to the south of it. There is no need to consider here the probable date at which the bulk of the Pathans living in the Province, or rather their ancestors, were converted to Islam. It is enough to notice that they had long been Mohammadan when they settled in their present homes, and that their fanaticism and intolerance, especially in the districts where they are strongest, rendered the Province no very inviting place of residence for settlers of a different creed. If no fanaticism in its inhabitants acted as a bar to the settlement of Hindus in Hazara, the absence of any large trade centres was at least equally efficacious. The only other district in which there is a non-Pathan element in the population in any way commensurate to that of Hazara is Dera Ismail Khan. The population here is mainly composed of tribes of Indian origin. Its conversion to Islam is of much later data; fanaticism does not exist, and no particular dislike to the Hindu seems to have existed." Template:Rp

— Template:Comma separated entries

Similarly, adherents of Hinduism who belonged to the various castes and tribes who were indigenous to the frontier regions had considerable Islamic influence, owing to their status as a religious minority in the region for centuries, and thus formed religious syncretism that incorporated aspects from both faiths into their cultures and traditions.

"Hinduism, as it exists in the North-West Frontier Province, is but a pale reflection of the system which flourishes in the United Provinces and other areas to the east. Even of the Derajat, where, as we have seen, the Hindu population is proportionately most numerous, the writer of the Dera Ismail Khan Gazetteer notes, "the Hindus of this district are less particular in the matter of caste prejudices and observances than down country Hindus. Most of them will drink water that has been carried in Mussaks (skins for carrying water) or out of lotas detached from a working well. They habitually ride on donkeys and do a multitude of other things which an orthodox Hindu would shrink from. All idolatrous observances are kept very much in the background. Except a few small images (thakurs) kept in their mandirs they have no idols at all. Nor is it their habit to take their gods about in procession. No one, in fact, sees anything of their worship. They burn their dead, and throw the ashes into the Indus. They always keep a few of the bones, and take them, when the opportunity offers, to the Ganges... There are a good many dharamsalas, mandirs, and dawaras at Dera Ismail Khan and in the cis-Indus tehsils." Template:Rp

— Template:Comma separated entries

Lastly, decadal census reports throughout the colonial era frequently detailed the difficulty of differentiating adherents of Hinduism with adherents of Sikhism, owing to the traditional ability of the former in assimilating and integrating followers of varied thought into Hinduism.

"The Sikh religion was born out of Hinduism, and fears have been expressed of its being reabsorbed into it. Truly wonderful is the strength and vitality of Hinduism. It is like the boa constrictor of the Indian forests; when a petty enemy appears to worry it, it winds round its opponent, crushes it in its folds, and finally causes it to disappear in its capacious interior. In this way, many centuries ago, Hinduism on its own ground disposed of Buddhism which was largely a Hindu reformation in this way in a prehistoric period it absorbed the religion of the Scythian invaders of Northern India; in this way it has converted educated Islam in India into a semi-paganism; and in this way it is disposing of the reformed and once hopeful religion of Baba Nanak. Hinduism has embraced Sikhism in its folds; the still comparatively young religion is making a vigorous struggle for life, but its ultimate destruction is, it is apprehended, inevitable without State support. Notwithstanding the Sikh Guru's powerful denunciation of Brahmans, secular Sikhs now rarely do anything without their assistance. Brahmans help them to be born, help them to wed, help them to die and help their souls after death to obtain a state of bliss. And Brahmans, with all the deftness of Roman Catholic missionaries in Protestant countries have partially succeeded in persuading the Sikhs to restore to their niches the images of Devi, the Queen of Heaven, and the Saints and gods of the ancient faith." Template:Rp

— Template:Comma separated entries

Districts

Template:Pie chart With rapid population growth occurring across all districts in the province, Mardan District was added to the North–West Frontier Province in 1941.

Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1941)Template:Rp

District	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svg		OthersTemplate:Efn		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	769,589		51,212		24,030		6,890		112Template:Efn		851,833
Hazara District	756,004		30,267		9,220		737		2Template:Efn		796,230
Mardan District	483,575		10,677		11,838		449		0		506,539
Dera Ismail Khan District	255,757		39,167		2,390		810		7Template:Efn		298,131
Bannu District	257,648		31,471		6,112		699		0		295,930
Kohat District	266,224		17,527		4,349		1,304		0		289,404
Total	2,788,797		180,321		57,939		10,889		121Template:Efn		3,038,067

Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1931)Template:Rp

District	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svg		OthersTemplate:Efn		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	898,683		42,321		24,271		8,974		72Template:Efn		974,321
Hazara District	636,794		25,260		7,630		432		1Template:Efn		670,117
Dera Ismail Khan District	235,707		35,822		1,878		657		0		274,064
Bannu District	237,674		26,181		5,482		964		0		270,301
Kohat District	218,445		13,393		3,249		1,186		0		236,273
Total	2,227,303		142,977		42,510		12,213		73Template:Efn		2,425,076

Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1921)Template:Rp

District	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svg		OthersTemplate:Efn		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	836,222		48,144		15,326		7,652		23Template:Efn		907,367
Hazara District	591,058		26,038		4,850		403		0		622,349
Dera Ismail Khan District	218,315		39,311		1,904		1,237		0		260,767
Bannu District	219,695		23,509		3,286		244		0		246,734
Kohat District	197,496		12,879		2,674		1,074		0		214,123
Total	2,062,786		149,881		28,040		10,610		23Template:Efn		2,251,340

Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1881)Template:Rp

District	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svg		OthersTemplate:Efn		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	546,117		39,321		3,103		4,088		45Template:Efn		592,674
Dera Ismail Khan District	385,244		54,446		1,691		253		15Template:Efn		441,649
Hazara District	385,759		19,843		1,381		90		2		407,075
Bannu District	301,002		30,643		790		82		60Template:Efn		332,577
Kohat District	169,219		9,828		2,240		212		41Template:Efn		181,540
Total	1,787,341		154,081		9,205		4,725		163Template:Efn		1,955,515

Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1855)Template:Rp

District	Abrahamic religions & Others (Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, others)		Dharmic religions (Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, others)		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	403,534		46,565		450,099
Dera Ismail Khan District	323,071		38,970		362,041
Hazara District	276,927		19,437		296,364
Kohat District	95,602		5,630		101,232
Total	1,099,134		110,602		1,209,736

Tehsils

Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1941)Template:Rp

Tehsil	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svgTemplate:Efn		OthersTemplate:Efn		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar Tehsil	335,871		33,551		15,454		2,618Template:Efn		1,835Template:Efn		389,329
Abbottabad Tehsil	284,228		17,558		6,035		278Template:Efn		419Template:Efn		308,518
Mardan Tehsil	281,161		8,709		9,091		360Template:Efn		63Template:Efn		299,384
Charsadda Tehsil	239,634		2,533		1,940		127Template:Efn		12Template:Efn		244,246
Mansehra Tehsil	237,306		4,910		965		22Template:Efn		0		243,203
Nowshera Tehsil	194,084		15,128		6,636		652Template:Efn		1,758Template:Efn		218,258
Swabi Tehsil	202,414		1,968		2,747		16Template:Efn		10Template:Efn		207,155
Haripur Tehsil	178,545		7,278		2,011		14Template:Efn		6Template:Efn		187,854
Bannu Tehsil	157,097		24,517		5,285		467Template:Efn		232Template:Efn		187,598
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil	155,100		30,065		1,740		195Template:Efn		485Template:Efn		187,585
Kohat Tehsil	100,868		9,156		3,613		596Template:Efn		383Template:Efn		114,616
Teri Tehsil	110,146		2,462		86		0		15Template:Efn		112,709
Marwat Tehsil	100,551		6,954		817		0		0		108,332
Hangu Tehsil	55,210		5,909		650		0		310Template:Efn		62,079
Tank Tehsil	49,847		5,279		401		81Template:Efn		56Template:Efn		55,664
Kulachi Tehsil	50,810		3,823		249		0		0		54,882
Amb Tehsil	47,288		433		195		0		0		47,916
Phulra Tehsil	8,637		88		14		0		0		8,739
Total	2,788,797		180,321		57,929		5,426Template:Efn		5,583Template:Efn		3,038,067

Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1931)Template:Rp

Tehsil	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svg		Others		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar Tehsil	240,642		23,538		9,736		4,991		40Template:Efn		278,947
Abbottabad Tehsil	235,454		13,378		4,599		347		1Template:Efn		253,779
Mansehra Tehsil	203,374		4,308		966		12		0		208,660
Mardan Tehsil	187,180		5,941		5,174		266		0		198,561
Charsadda Tehsil	173,970		2,145		1,653		92		0		177,860
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil	143,559		25,982		894		584		0		171,019
Haripur Tehsil	160,630		7,016		2,019		70		0		169,735
Bannu Tehsil	138,152		17,789		4,979		962		0		161,882
Nowshera Tehsil	142,962		9,271		4,678		3,599		32Template:Efn		160,542
Swabi Tehsil	153,929		1,426		3,030		26		0		158,411
Marwat Tehsil	99,522		8,392		503		2		0		108,419
Teri Tehsil	100,179		2,788		27		17		0		103,011
Kohat Tehsil	77,408		7,615		2,184		1,103		0		88,310
Kulachi Tehsil	46,709		4,731		410		1		0		51,851
Tank Tehsil	45,439		5,109		574		72		0		51,194
Hangu Tehsil	40,858		2,990		1,038		66		0		44,952
Amb Tehsil	30,742		509		45		3		0		31,299
Phulra Tehsil	6,594		49		1		0		0		6,644
Total	2,227,303		142,977		42,510		12,213		73Template:Efn		2,425,076

Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1921)Template:Rp

Tehsil	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svg		Others		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar Tehsil	225,897		25,414		8,223		3,671		23Template:Efn		263,228
Abbottabad Tehsil	214,720		13,580		3,344		390		0		232,034
Mansehra Tehsil	195,812		4,592		468		7		0		200,879
Mardan Tehsil	161,726		6,846		2,874		196		0		171,642
Charsadda Tehsil	161,406		2,183		787		62		0		164,438
Haripur Tehsil	153,645		7,362		968		6		0		161,981
Swabi Tehsil	155,116		3,063		1,062		1		0		159,242
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil	129,919		24,685		884		529		0		156,017
Nowshera Tehsil	132,077		10,638		2,380		3,722		0		148,817
Bannu Tehsil	123,384		16,130		2,777		244		0		142,535
Marwat Tehsil	96,311		7,379		509		0		0		104,199
Teri Tehsil	89,924		2,239		45		29		0		92,237
Kohat Tehsil	67,535		6,415		2,195		1,026		0		77,171
Tank Tehsil	47,895		10,224		811		707		0		59,637
Kulachi Tehsil	40,501		4,402		209		1		0		45,113
Hangu Tehsil	40,037		4,225		434		19		0		44,715
Amb Tehsil	21,244		440		70		0		0		21,754
Phulra Tehsil	5,637		64		0		0		0		5,701
Total	2,062,786		149,881		28,040		10,610		23Template:Efn		2,251,340

Cities

Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1941)Template:Rp

City/Urban Area	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svgTemplate:Efn		OthersTemplate:Efn		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
PeshawarTemplate:Efn	122,972		31,630		14,245		2,586Template:Efn		1,987Template:Efn		173,420
Dera Ismail KhanTemplate:Efn	26,424		22,815		1,412		195Template:Efn		460Template:Efn		51,306
KohatTemplate:Efn	32,111		8,250		3,562		445Template:Efn		609Template:Efn		44,977
NowsheraTemplate:Efn	28,132		9,831		4,253		412Template:Efn		1,394Template:Efn		44,022
MardanTemplate:Efn	30,301		5,851		6,014		282Template:Efn		46Template:Efn		42,494
BannuTemplate:Efn	10,696		22,175		4,894		467Template:Efn		232Template:Efn		38,504
AbbottabadTemplate:Efn	12,192		11,886		2,680		298Template:Efn		368Template:Efn		27,424
Charsadda	15,747		745		294		54Template:Efn		5Template:Efn		16,845
Parang	13,494		2		0		0		0		13,496
Tangi	12,456		444		2		4Template:Efn		0		12,906
Mansehra	8,141		1,699		375		2Template:Efn		0		10,217
LakkiTemplate:Efn	5,883		3,710		548		0		0		10,141
Utmanzai	9,768		182		171		8Template:Efn		0		10,129
Haripur	5,174		3,113		1,035		0		0		9,322
TankTemplate:Efn	5,531		3,296		181		66Template:Efn		15Template:Efn		9,089
Risalpur	3,506		3,937		1,024		333Template:Efn		207Template:Efn		9,007
KulachiTemplate:Efn	6,610		2,092		138		0		0		8,840
BaffaTemplate:Efn	7,166		735		81		6Template:Efn		0		7,988
Nawan ShehrTemplate:Efn	5,075		1,030		309		0		0		6,414
Kot Najibullah	4,228		929		156		2Template:Efn		0		5,315
Cherat	270		30		25		0		12Template:Efn		337
Total Urban Population	365,877		134,382		41,399		5,160Template:Efn		5,335Template:Efn		552,193

Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1931)Template:Rp

City/Urban Area	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svg		Others		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
PeshawarTemplate:Efn	86,369		21,973		8,630		4,854		40Template:Efn		121,866
Dera Ismail KhanTemplate:Efn	22,321		16,761		708		541		0		40,331
KohatTemplate:Efn	24,388		6,709		2,152		1,101		0		34,350
BannuTemplate:Efn	10,607		15,036		3,947		949		0		30,539
NowsheraTemplate:Efn	19,662		4,675		3,042		1,560		27Template:Efn		28,966
MardanTemplate:Efn	19,579		3,605		2,927		168		0		26,279
AbbottabadTemplate:Efn	7,026		7,753		1,039		346		1Template:Efn		16,165
Charsadda	10,703		519		287		28		0		11,537
Parang	10,211		16		0		0		0		10,227
Tangi	8,320		362		7		0		0		8,689
KulachiTemplate:Efn	6,115		2,182		128		0		0		8,425
Risalpur	3,170		2,900		314		1,629		3Template:Efn		8,016
LakkiTemplate:Efn	4,630		2,805		268		0		0		7,703
Haripur	4,253		2,693		696		11		0		7,653
BaffaTemplate:Efn	6,409		762		86		0		0		7,257
TankTemplate:Efn	3,929		2,244		240		8		0		6,421
Mansehra	4,217		1,091		469		3		0		5,780
Nawan ShehrTemplate:Efn	3,884		883		363		0		0		5,130
Cherat	396		158		74		213		2Template:Efn		843
Total Urban Population	256,189		93,127		25,377		11,411		73Template:Efn		386,177

Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1921)Template:Rp

City/Urban Area	Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg		Hinduism File:Om.svg		Sikhism File:Khanda.svg		Christianity File:Christian cross.svg		OthersTemplate:Efn		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
PeshawarTemplate:Efn	73,882		20,981		6,152		3,414		23Template:Efn		104,452
Dera Ismail KhanTemplate:Efn	21,056		17,077		724		484		0		39,341
KohatTemplate:Efn	18,898		5,796		2,139		1,020		0		27,853
NowsheraTemplate:Efn	18,335		6,192		1,319		1,896		0		27,742
BannuTemplate:Efn	6,376		13,222		2,421		242		0		22,261
AbbottabadTemplate:Efn	5,007		7,346		879		388		0		13,620
MardanTemplate:Efn	5,890		3,220		1,679		141		0		10,930
TankTemplate:Efn	6,043		4,197		344		262		0		10,846
Charsadda	9,710		484		30		8		0		10,232
Parang	9,869		16		1		0		0		9,886
Tangi	9,528		314		1		0		0		9,843
Risalpur	2,721		3,369		601		1,808		0		8,499
Kulachi	5,649		2,162		84		0		0		7,895
Baffa	6,703		861		39		0		0		7,603
Lakki	4,463		2,543		470		0		0		7,476
Jamrud	1,507		3,114		1,254		253		0		6,128
Haripur	2,907		2,636		346		0		0		5,889
Nawan Shehr	3,794		1,052		246		0		0		5,092
Cherat	173		80		8		0		0		261
Total Urban Population	212,511		94,662		18,737		9,916		23Template:Efn		335,849

Castes and tribes

Castes and Tribes of North-West Frontier Province (1931–1941)

Caste or Tribe	1931Template:Rp		1941Template:RpTemplate:Efn
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Pathan	905,122		795,400
Awan	280,995		178,896
Gujar	121,170		114,746
Tanoli	86,003		113,850
Sayyid	81,972		71,271
Jat	73,919		43,041
Arora	60,283		17,817
Swathi	46,556		37,245
Tarkhan	45,088		—	—
Julaha	40,055		—	—
Dhund	39,322		—	—
Baluch	37,145		—	—
Khatri	33,804		13,946
Lohar	28,968		—	—
Baghban	28,422		—	—
Qureshi	27,211		—	—
Karlal	27,185		—	—
Mochi	26,628		—	—
Kumhar	23,109		—	—
Kashmiri	21,704		—	—
Nai	17,178		—	—
Brahman	16,379		13,478
Mughal	16,047		—	—
Rajput	14,681		—	—
Sheikh	13,046		—	—
Dhobi	11,699		—	—
Qassab	11,534		—	—
Mirasi	10,869		—	—
Sarara	9,984		—	—
Sonar	9,532		—	—
Chuhra	8,444		3,838
Paracha & Banjara	8,259		—	—
Teli	7,174		—	—
Gakhar	7,098		—	—
Maliar	6,622		—	—
Mallah	6,578		—	—
Bhatia	6,522		—	—
Arain	6,480		—	—
Mashwani	6,084		—	—
Rangrez	5,703		—	—
Turk	5,277		—	—
Bhatiara	4,998		—	—
Khoja	4,986		—	—
Gurkha	4,565		—	—
Machhi	4,130		—	—
Chamar	2,901		12,990
Penjara	2,573		—	—
Darzi	2,177		—	—
Jhinwar	1,108		—	—
Others or Not Stated	157,787		1,621,549
Total	2,425,076		3,038,067

See also

• Frontier Regions
• Federally Administered Tribal Areas
• Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

Bibliography

• The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), a highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition

External links

• Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa