Ngadha language
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Ngadha (Script error: No such module "IPA"., also spelled Ngada, NgadTemplate:Hamzaa or NgaTemplate:Hamzada[1]) is an Austronesian language, one of six languages spoken in the central stretch of the Indonesian island of Flores.[2] From west to east these languages are Ngadha, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio, and Palu'e. These languages form the proposed Central Flores group of the Sumba–Flores languages, according to Blust (2009).[3]
Djawanai (1983) precises that Ngadha somewhat deviates from Austronesian norms, in that words do not have clear cognates and the grammatical processes are different;Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". for example, the Austronesian family of languages makes an abundant use of prefixes or suffixes (which form new words by adding extensions either before or after root-words, such as [per-]form or child[-hood]), whereas the Ngadha language uses no prefixes or suffixes.[4]
Ngadha is one of the few languages with a retroflex implosive Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Phonology
The sound system of Ngadha is as follows.[5]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Low | Template:IPA link |
The short vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". is written Template:Angbr followed by a double consonant, since phonetically a consonant becomes geminate after Script error: No such module "IPA"..Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". It is never stressed and does not form sequences with other vowels except where glottal stop has dropped (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". 'six', from Script error: No such module "Lang". 'five' and Script error: No such module "Lang". 'one').
Within vowel sequences, epenthetic Script error: No such module "IPA". may appear after an unrounded vowel (e.g. in Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".) and Script error: No such module "IPA". after a rounded vowel (e.g. in Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".). Double vowels are sequences. Vowels tend to be voiceless between voiceless consonants and pre-pausa after voiceless consonants.
Stress is on the penultimate syllable, unless that contains the vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"., in which case stress is on the final syllable.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
unaspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
| aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| implosiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| Fricative | voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| Liquid | lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| trillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | |||||||
The implosives have been spelled Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket. The velar fricatives are spelled Template:Angle bracket.[1]
The trill is short, and may have only one or two contacts.
Glottal stop contrasts with zeroScript error: No such module "Unsubst". in initial position, as in Script error: No such module "Lang". 'drink', or Script error: No such module "Lang". 'tiny'. In rapid speech it tends to drop intervocalicallyScript error: No such module "Unsubst"..Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Phonetically Script error: No such module "IPA". words are analyzed as having an initial schwa. In initial position the consonant is always voiced (otherwise the schwa remains)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".. Examples are Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'father', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'mosquito', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sand', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". (name), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'swadling sling', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'grandparents', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". (name), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sun' – also in medial position with voiceless consonants, as in Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'six'.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
External links
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Template:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages Template:Languages of Indonesia