Ngadha language
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other
Ngadha (Script error: No such module "IPA"., also spelled Ngada, NgadTemplate:Hamzaa or NgaTemplate:Hamzada[1]) is an Austronesian language, one of six languages spoken in the central stretch of the Indonesian island of Flores.[2] From west to east these languages are Ngadha, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio, and Palu'e. These languages form the proposed Central Flores group of the Sumba–Flores languages, according to Blust (2009).[3]
Djawanai (1983) precises that Ngadha somewhat deviates from Austronesian norms, in that words do not have clear cognates and the grammatical processes are different;Template:Sfn for example, the Austronesian family of languages makes an abundant use of prefixes or suffixes (which form new words by adding extensions either before or after root-words, such as [per-]form or child[-hood]), whereas the Ngadha language uses no prefixes or suffixes.[4]
Ngadha is one of the few languages with a retroflex implosive Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Phonology
The sound system of Ngadha is as follows.[5]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Low | Template:IPA link |
The short vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". is written Template:Angbr followed by a double consonant, since phonetically a consonant becomes geminate after Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfn It is never stressed and does not form sequences with other vowels except where glottal stop has dropped (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". 'six', from Script error: No such module "Lang". 'five' and Script error: No such module "Lang". 'one').
Within vowel sequences, epenthetic Script error: No such module "IPA". may appear after an unrounded vowel (e.g. in Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".) and Script error: No such module "IPA". after a rounded vowel (e.g. in Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".). Double vowels are sequences. Vowels tend to be voiceless between voiceless consonants and pre-pausa after voiceless consonants.
Stress is on the penultimate syllable, unless that contains the vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"., in which case stress is on the final syllable.Template:Sfn
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
unaspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
| aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| implosiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| Fricative | voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| Liquid | lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| trillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | |||||||
The implosives have been spelled Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket. The velar fricatives are spelled Template:Angle bracket.[1]
The trill is short, and may have only one or two contacts.
Glottal stop contrasts with zeroTemplate:Clarify in initial position, as in Script error: No such module "Lang". 'drink', or Script error: No such module "Lang". 'tiny'. In rapid speech it tends to drop intervocalicallyTemplate:Clarify.Template:Sfn
Phonetically Script error: No such module "IPA". words are analyzed as having an initial schwa. In initial position the consonant is always voiced (otherwise the schwa remains)Template:Clarify. Examples are Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'father', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'mosquito', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sand', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". (name), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'swadling sling', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'grandparents', Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". (name), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sun' – also in medial position with voiceless consonants, as in Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'six'.Template:Sfn
References
External links
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Template:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages Template:Languages of Indonesia